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The father of the Current Medical procedure was a French hairdresser specialist. He was promoted to master surgeon status for his innovative surgical and patient care methods.
Born: 1510,Laval,France
Died: December 20, 1590

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Vesalius, considered as the pioneer behind current life systems, had significantly changed human life structures, yet additionally the scholarly design of medication
Born: December 1514, Brussels [now in Belgium]
Died: June 1564, island of Zacynthus, Republic of Venice [now in Greece])
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Description: a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Significance: laid the foundations for the Age of Enlightenment
Date: It took place in the 16th and 17th centuries
1543 - 1687
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Francis Bacon is most famous for his philosophy of science. He argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after making observations and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations.
Born: January 22, 1561, York House, London, England
Died: April 9, 1626, London, lord chancellor of England
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English doctor William Harvey was quick to perceive the full flow of the blood in the human body and to give examinations and contentions to help this thought.
Born: April 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, England
Died: June 3, 1657, London
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He was known for his famous quote " I think, therefore I am", and the Father of analytic geometry.
Born: March 31, 1596, Descartes, France
Died: February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden
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Robert Boyle is Known for his law of gases, Boyle was a 17th-century pioneer of modern chemistry. Every general chemistry student learns of Robert Boyle (1627–1691) as the person who discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa
Born: January 25, 1627, Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland
Died: December 31, 1691, London, England
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John Locke was an English philosopher and political theorist  He is recognized as the founder of British empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism.
Born: August 29, 1632 in Wrington
Died: October 28, 1704 in High Laver, Essex
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He discovered both protists and bacteria. More than being the first to see this unimagined world of 'animalcules', he was the first even to think of looking certainly, the first with the power to see.

Born: October 24, 1632, Delft, Netherlands
Died: August 26, 1723, Delft
link: On the picture above

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, (born October 24, 1632, Delft, Netherlands-died August 26, 1723, Delft), Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.

Early life and career

At a young age, Leeuwenhoek lost his biological father. His mother later married painter Jacob Jansz Molijn. When his stepfather died in 1648, Leeuwenhoek was sent to Amsterdam to become an apprentice to a linen draper. Returning to Delft when he was 20, he established himself as a draper and haberdasher. He was married in 1654 to a draper's daughter. By the time of her death, in 1666, the couple had five children, only one of whom survived childhood. Leeuwenhoek remarried in 1671; his second wife died in 1694.

In 1660 Leeuwenhoek obtained a position as chamberlain to the sheriffs of Delft. His income was thus secure, and it was thereafter that he began to devote much of his time to his hobby of grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects.

Discovery of microscopic life

Leeuwenhoek made microscopes consisting of a single high-quality lens of very short focal length; at the time, such simple microscopes were preferable to the compound microscope, which increased the problem of chromatic aberration. Although Leeuwenhoek's studies lacked the organization of formal scientific research, his powers of careful observation enabled him to make discoveries of fundamental importance. In 1674 he likely observed protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria. Those "very little animalcules" he was able to isolate from different sources, such as rainwater, pond and well water, and the human mouth and intestine. He also calculated their sizes.

In 1677 he described for the first time the spermatozoa from insects, dogs, and humans, though Stephen Hamm probably was a codiscoverer. Leeuwenhoek studied the structure of the optic lens, striations in muscles, the mouthparts of insects, and the fine structure of plants and discovered parthenogenesis in aphids. In 1680 he noticed that yeasts consist of minute globular particles. He extended Marcello Malpighi's demonstration in 1660 of the blood capillaries by giving the first accurate description of red blood cells, thereby contributing to the history of cell theory. In his observations on rotifers in 1702, Leeuwenhoek remarked that

in all falling rain, carried from gutters into water-butts, animalcules are to be found; and that in all kinds of water, standing in the open air, animalcules can turn up. For these animalcules can be carried over by the wind, along with the bits of dust floating in the air.

The Royal Society and later discoveries

A friend of Leeuwenhoek put him in touch with the Royal Society of England, to which he communicated by means of informal letters from 1673 until 1723 most of his discoveries and to which he was elected a fellow in 1680. His discoveries were for the most part made public in the society's Philosophical Transactions. The first representation of bacteria is to be found in a drawing by Leeuwenhoek in that publication in 1683.

His researches on the life histories of various low forms of animal life were in opposition to the doctrine that they could be produced spontaneously or bred from corruption. Thus, he showed that the weevils of granaries (in his time commonly supposed to be bred from wheat as well as in it) are really grubs hatched from eggs deposited by winged insects. His letter on the flea, in which he not only described its structure but traced out the whole history of its metamorphosis, is of great interest, not so much for the exactness of his observations as for an illustration of his opposition to the spontaneous generation of many lower organisms, such as "this minute and despised creature." Some theorists asserted that the flea was produced from sand, others from dust or the like, but Leeuwenhoek proved that it bred in the regular way of winged insects.

Leeuwenhoek carefully studied the history of the ant and was the first to show that what had been commonly reputed to be ants' eggs were really their pupae, containing the perfect insect nearly ready for emergence, and that the true eggs were much smaller and gave origin to maggots, or larvae. He argued that the sea mussel and other shellfish were not generated out of sand found at the seashore or mud in the beds of rivers at low water but from spawn, by the regular course of generation. He maintained the same to be true of the freshwater mussel, whose embryos he examined so carefully that he was able to observe how they were consumed by "animalcules," many of which, according to his description, must have included ciliates in conjugation, flagellates, and the Vorticella. Similarly, he investigated the generation of eels, which were at that time supposed to be produced from dew without the ordinary process of generation. The dramatic nature of his discoveries made him famous, and he was visited by many notables-including Peter I (the Great) of Russia, James II of England, and Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia.

Methods of microscopy

Leeuwenhoek's methods of microscopy, which he kept secret, remain something of a mystery. During his lifetime he ground more than 500 lenses, most of which were very small-some no larger than a pinhead-and usually mounted them between two thin brass plates, riveted together. A large sample of those lenses, bequeathed to the Royal Society, were found to have magnifying powers in the range of 50 to, at the most, 300 times. In order to observe phenomena as small as bacteria, Leeuwenhoek must have employed some form of oblique illumination, or other technique, for enhancing the effectiveness of the lens, but this method he would not reveal. Leeuwenhoek continued his work almost to the end of his long life of 90 years.

Contributions to scientific literature

Leeuwenhoek's contributions to the Philosophical Transactions amounted to 375 and those to the Memoirs of the Paris Academy of Sciences to 27. Two collections of his works appeared during his life, one in Dutch (1685-1718) and the other in Latin (1715-22); a selection was translated by Samuel Hoole, The Select Works of A. van Leeuwenhoek (1798-1807).

Kara Rogers.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.

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Isaac Newton is well known for his discoveries in optics (white light composition) and mathematics (calculus), it is his formulation of the three laws of motion
Born: January 4, 1643
Died: March 31, 1727
Link: On the picture above

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Isaac Newton | Biography, Facts, Discoveries, Laws, & Inventions

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Isaac Newton, the brilliant physicist and mathematician, revolutionized our understanding of the universe with his laws of motion and universal gravitation, forever changing the course of scientific inquiry.

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Description: the period of rigorous scientific, political, and philosophical discourse that characterized European society
Significance: 'Age of Reason
Date:  from the late 17th century to the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.
(1685 - 1815)
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Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu (1689-1755), whose name is usually shortened to Montesquieu, was a French philosopher and author, who is considered one of the founders of sociology as a scholarly discipline.
Born: January 18, 1689
Died: February 10, 1755
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François-Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher and historian. Known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire, he was famous for his wit, in addition to his criticism of Christianit.

Born: November 21, 1694, Paris, France

Died: May 30, 1778, Paris, France
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher, writer, and political theorist.  His treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation.
Born: June 28, 1712, in Geneva, Switzerland
Died: He died July 2, 1778, in Ermenonville, France.
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Edward Jenner, an English physician and scientist, introduced a new technique and innovative treatment that later became known as the world's first vaccine
Born: May 17, 1749, Berkeley, United Kingdom
Died: January 26, 1823, Berkeley, United Kingdom
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Description: The first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts
Significance: increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population.
Date: April 19, 1775
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Description: The first and largest signature was that of the president of the Congress, John Hancock of Massachusetts.
Significance: the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain
Date:  July 4, 1776.

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Description: the Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it.
Significance: became the official framework of the government of the United States of America
Date:  June 21, 1788