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General Pershing was placed in a difficult position. He undertook an almost unsurmountable task in preparing over two million soldiers in combat skills and placing inexperienced leaders over them. He organized the deployment and provided the necessary resources to sustain the army. He had been successful at his previous posts and was comfortable with what had worked, so he refused to change strategies due to overconfidence. American lives were lost due to this inability to adapt. In his defense, war strategies had changed, and what he was comfortable with did not work in this environment. To be a good commander, one must understand the need for change and implement a plan to change. He did recognize this fact after the war, which enabled future commanders to organize war tactics differently. Ultimately, American lives were saved due to his development of the boards, which created and implemented the recognized reforms and education in the United States military.

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September 19, 2023
HIS315

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Pershing during Mindanao (Napa Valley Register)

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Apache bands in Arizona
Ghost Dance War of 1890
Military instructor at University of Nebraska
Tactical officer at West Point
Cuba-Kettle and San Juan Hills
Philippines-Mindanao in 1899
Presidio of San Francisco
Mexican Border-commander division of soldiers

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Loyal
Reliable
Stickler for protocol
Driven
Composed
Followed proper chain-of-command
Ability to spot talent in others
Willing to listen to subordinates' ideas
Follow orders
Conscious of local cultures
Respected (feared)
Subdue challenges
Council others
Delegate tasks

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Lacked warmth-unemotional
Unpopular with his men
Refusal to learn
Slow to recognize changes
Didn't tolerate incompetence
Short-sighted
Strict disciplinarian
Obstinate and stubborn
Dismissed lessons different from his views
Created a climate of fear
Determined to use his strategies and aggressive tactics
Insisted soldiers be trained his way
Held a feeling of superiority

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Did Pershing have more attributes or flaws?

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·       Built entire infrastructure needed to transport and provide supplies during the war effort

·       Reconditioned transport to be shipped from U.S.

·       Set up system to quickly train and safely transport newly enlisted soldiers
·       Provided leadership training to establish commanders

·       Won battle at St. Mihiel using his tactics

·       Recognized when to remove himself and divided army at Meuse Argonne due to high loss and ineffective gains

·       Began to adapt to the changing dynamics
·        Ability to manage large amount of resources: humans and material

·       Provided mentoring to future commanders who went on to shape U.S. military branches

·       Created investigating boards to examine the war effort

·       Oversaw and implemented army reforms

·       Promoted an improved army’s school and education

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·       Had an overly ambitious agenda (military and political)

·       Open war strategy led to excessive casualties

·       Chose the wrong location to mount offensive in Meuse Argonne

·       Continued confidence in his open war strategy

·       Battleplans failed to coordinate tanks with infantry
·       Dependent on Allied’s armaments

·       Did not comprehend the modern warfare

·       Failed to show military genius

·       Did not have a contingency plan

·       Overconfidence of military abilities

·       Resistance to essential concessions

·       Ignorant of the human cost

·       Communication and confusion issues with subordinates

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Honoring Service, Achievements, and Sacrifice: A WWI Virtual Field Trip

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Honoring Service, Achievements, and Sacrifice: A WWI Virtual Field Trip

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This story map requires JavaScript, but running JavaScript is not currently allowed by your web browser. If you wish to view this story, please enable JavaScript in this browser or try a different browser.

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This story map was created with the Story Map Journal application in ArcGIS Online.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Compromise: Pershing refused to understand that his war strategies were not relevant in the current environment. He refused to acknowledge there may be better tactics. His lack to compromise resulted in human loss of life. In the business environment, failure to compromise may result in loss of revenue.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Communicate: Pershing had difficulties with effective communication, which caused confusion. In business, efficient communication is vital for success.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Organize and Align: Pershing was forced to coordinate and develop a training program and infrastructure to handle the transport and resources needed for over two million soldiers. He placed the correct individuals in the necessary position to accomplish this feat. Business leaders must be able to manage the organization as effectively to be competitive.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Inspire and Motivate: Subordinates and co-leaders did not have a positive rapport with Pershing. He created a climate of fear, in which they were scared to make mistakes. Business leaders must be able to inspire their subordinates to greatness and motivate them to higher levels for the company to be productive and successful.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Vision: Pershing did not have vision. He was stagnant and relied on the strategies which had been successful in the past. In the technologically advanced society, constant adaption and change is needed for business leaders to guide their company.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Recognize inefficiencies and take necessary steps to rectify them: The American army had many weaknesses: leadership, training, lack of equipment, lack of experience. Pershing was able to identify, but struggled to fix some of the problems. Business leaders must identify weaknesses and take necessary steps to overcome them.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Learn and build on mistakes: Pershing realized there were major deficiencies in the American military. After the war, he created boards to examine the flaws and implemented reforms and education. Business leaders must detect any weaknesses in the organization and provide opportunities for training and development.

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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What can the business world learn from Pershing?

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Balance: Pershing struggled with pressure from American leaders to maintain independence and Allied leaders to reinforce their losses. Additionally, the pressure to end the war due to the drain on American resources. Business leaders must find the balance between shareholders, internal, and external customers, who all have different objectives.

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Adas, M. (2014). Ambivalent Ally: American Military Intervention and the Endgame and Legacy of World War I. Diplomatic History 38(4), 700-712. Oxford University Press.

American Battle Monuments Commission. (n.d.). Teaching and Mapping the Geography of the Meuse Argonne Offensive: Lesson Plans, Interactive Maps and 3 D Imaging. USA.gov. https://www.abmc.gov/education/teaching-aid/teaching-and-mapping-geography-meuse-argonne-offensive-lesson-plans

BBC Studios. (2010). US Troops Enter WW1. Timewatch. (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTyJTmxkZcQ

Gabel, C. & Willbanks, J. (2012). Great Commanders. Combat Studies Institute Press. file:///C:/Users/jscott/OneDrive%20-%20North%20Arkansas%20College/Desktop/GreatCommandershs.pdf

Zebecki, D. (2018). Racing Headlong. Military History 35(1). 30-39. United States Army.

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Jennifer,
Great job on your Padlet presentation, I enjoyed your voice overview and all of the information that you included.  I also like how you were able to add that ability to add a comment below each of your sections.

Thank you for sharing,
Rita

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Jennifer,
Great job on your Padlet presentation, I enjoyed your voice overview and all of the information that you included.  I also like how you were able to add that ability to add a comment below each of your sections.

Thank you for sharing,
Rita