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Rise of Settlements and Complex Societies

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Rise of Settlements and Complex Societies

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Causes:
Abundancy of resources (fish, terrestrial animals such as bison, deer, and cow, and land) alongside the development of agriculture such as maize allowed many different types of civilizations to emerge including hunter gatherers and permanent settlers.

Effects:
Large cities and urban centers became centers for trade and commerce which also allowed cultures and politics to diffuse. Examples of these include the Maya and states around the Mississipi. These states showed great development in technology and the arts such as intricate pottery, serving utensils, dishes, and weapons.

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Great capital city which included 3000 people with a written language, complex irrigation systems, priests which held a cult of fertility, and peace through human sacrifice prior to European colonialism.

Causes:
People located in northern Mexico settled in the area of Tenochtitlan which was surrounded by bodies of water and lakes which provided defense against potential enemies alongside there being fertile land. The Aztec empire grew through military expansion and conquest.

Effects:
The Aztecs became one of the most powerful empires in the area with Tenochtitlan becoming the capital. This power was also responsible to the city being a large hub for trade, commerce, religion, and art. Eventually, Hernan Cortes arrived to the city and took Moctezuma, the ruler, hostage. Cortes failed initially, but he came back with masses of indigenous groups who were against the Aztecs and with the help of a woman named *Malintzin and disease, causing the city to fall.

Malintzin was a Nahua woman who helped translate for Cortes and had a child with him, creating one of the first children of mixed indigenous American and European descent.

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The Incan Empire dominated the West side of South America prior to Columbus's arrival to the Americas. It was the largest empire pre-Columbus.

Causes:
New farming technology through irrigation and terracing on mountains, road systems which allowed trade, communication, and military mobility, complex centralized government which allowed them to rule over large distances,  and a single language.

Effects:
Large political and cultural influence, strong infrastructure, and military power. The only way these empires could fall was conquistadors to capture the emporers and to fight aggressively. Incan empire fell due to the capture of the empower and disease due to conquistador Pizarro.

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Portuguese Trading Posts in West Africa (1420-1482)

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Portuguese Trading Posts in West Africa (1420-1482)

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The first Portuguese trading post in West Africa was established by Henry the Navigator on an island off the coast of West Africa. The post was located along trade routes. They discovered islands that were ideal for growing cash crops such as sugar.

Causes:
Avoid taxes, fees, and dangers of trading along silk road, advancement of technology (boats that could sail into the wind), desire to engage in commerce of gold, ivory, slaves and to trade with India.

Effects:
Great control over trade in West Africa: highly profitable. Portuguese expansion encouraged increased European expansion in Africa and eventually in America. Atlantic slave trade eventually developed and Portugal greatly profited off this.

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Christian military campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula which was meant to recapture territory from Muslims following the  Muslim Conquest. The capture of Granada in 1492 resulted in Muslim influence in modern day Spain to be wiped.

Causes:
Muslim conquest of Iberian peninsula, Christian resistance resisted Muslim rule, religious and cultural differences, marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united Castle and Aragon into a powerful Spain, political expansion.

Effects:
Greatly helped the unifications of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella, religious homogeneity in Spain, expulsion of the Muslims, interactions between Spanish and Muslims impacted Spanish culture, art, and architecture, religious intolerance.

The End of the Reconquista allowed Spain to look outwards for political control, leading to Columbus's exploration into the New World

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Motives for conquest of the New World (Spanish + English)

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Motives for conquest of the New World (Spanish + English)

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Spain:
Competition with Portugal (see treaty of Tordesillas), GOD GLORY AND GOLD, territorial expansion, wanting to spread Catholicism (missionary work and conversion of indigenous)

England:
England was late to the age of colonization due to war with Ireland, economic depression, and hoping to benefit off Spanish development through pirating.

Competition with Spain for riches, fear of being left behind, competition with Catholicism (England wanted to spread Protestantism), trade in New World (French), economic depression such as in wool and textile industry, high crime (perceived as overpopulation)

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Columbus's first voyage to the Americas (1492)

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Columbus's first voyage to the Americas (1492)

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Christopher Columbus approached Ferdinand and Isabella with a project to discover a new route to Asia. The monarchs of Spain saw it as way to gain an advantage in the race for overseas trade by sailing West instead of East. This ultimately caused the discovery of the Americas.

Causes:
Desire for new route to Asia, technological and navigational advancements through improved understanding of cartography, and a desire to spread Christianity.

Effects:
Discovery of the new world, expansion of European exploration, colonization, exchange of goods and culture, conflicts and war, spread of diseases, and controversy over treatment of natives.

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Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases from the Old World to the New World and back.

Causes:
European exploration (new trade routes and territories), desire for wealth, exchange of ideas and cultures, search for spice islands (Indonesia), competition with Portugal

Effects:
Diseases greatly harmed natives while also spreading new diseases like syphilis to Europeans.
Cultural diffusion (language, ideas, religion, technologies)
Spread of agriculture (cash crops, caloric dense food such as potatoes and maize)
Facilitated colonial expansion

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Treaty between Spain and Portugal to divide the Americas in agreement by the Pope. This treaty only occurred between Spain and Portugal.

Causes:
Territorial disputes
Search for wealth
Competition

Effects
Portugese grew their empire with the acquisition of Brazil
Spanish gained control over much of the Caribbean, Central, South, and North America
Indigenous people were greatly affected by colonization and attempted assimilation
Loss of indigenous-owned land.

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First Enslaved Africans brought to Americas (around 1501)

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First Enslaved Africans brought to Americas (around 1501)

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Spanish explorers transported slaves to the island of Hispaniola which marked the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade.

Causes:
Labor shortages due to death of natives
Profitable solution

Effects:
Growth of slave trade
Racism
Inequality
Profit to Spanish
African kingdoms became reliant on slave trade --> dehumanized humans

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Spanish Colonials marshaled Native American labor to support plantation based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. Laborers were said to be provided protection, conversion, and education but the Encomienda system ultimately was just slavery.

Causes:
Labor shortages, difficult labor
Spanish colonization and expansion of Catholicism

Effects:
Population decline
Conflict between Spanish and natives
Legal reforms due to harsh treatment of indigenous people (attempt to protect indigenous rights and limit exploitation - weak enforcement)
Development of inequality
Transition into slavery

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Uprising against Spanish colonizers due to attempted forceful assimilation

Causes
Forced conversion into Christianity
Encomienda system forced Pueblos into labor
Cultural suppression (Pueblos secretly practiced their religion)
Disease hurt Pueblo population

Effects
Spanish were driven out of the area (one of the few successful revolts)
Destruction of many Christian items (paintings, crosses)
Murder of priests, women, and children
Restoration of culture
Spanish eventually returned but treated Pueblos with more respect

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Period 2 - THE COLONIAL ERA (1607 - 1754)

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Period 2 - THE COLONIAL ERA (1607 - 1754)

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Jamestown was founded in 1607 in Virginia by the Virginia Company of London. 104 males arrived and it was named after  King James I.

Causes:
Competition with Spain
Seeking gold, silver, and other commodities for trade
Some settlers went for religious freedom from Protestant England
Raw resources
Virginia Company of London wished to establish a colony for profit

Effects:
Permanent colonization
Many original settlers died due to various things such as harsh weather and disease
Conflict with natives over land

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System designed by Virginia company to incentivize people to come to the colony for 50 acres of land as long as they serve a term as an indentured servant. Many people died as an indentured servant before getting their "freedom dues." Some masters of indentured servants didn't give land, only clothes, money, food, etc. Somepeople went back into the workforce and eventually made money to own land. Additionally, landowners who brought over people from mainland got 50 acres of land.

Causes
Need for more colonists
Need for labor
Economic incentives

Effects
Conflict with natives over land
Divide between rich and poor (rich people who could afford to bring more people over were given more land)
Encouraged immigration
Economic growth (cash crops)

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House of Burgesses (VA) established (1619)

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House of Burgesses (VA) established (1619)

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The first representative legislative assembly in the colonies being established in Virginia in 1619.

Causes:
Colonists felt they lacked representation
Wanted self-representing government
As colony got bigger the needs for a government and regulations increased

Effects
First representative government was created, land owning men could vote for representatives to make decisions on local issues.
Autonomy in the colonies
Lead the cause for independence from England

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First enslaved Africans brought to Virginia (1619)

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First enslaved Africans brought to Virginia (1619)

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Africans arrived at Point Comfort and were traded for supplies.

Causes
Need for labor (such as on Tobacco plantations)
Cheaper labor
Save land for whites

Effects
Racism (English defined slaves as sub-human and genetically inferior)
Boom in slave trade
Beginning of slavery in the U.S.
Racial hierarchy develops

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The Mayflower was the ship that carried Pilgrims (Separatists) to Plymouth Massachusetts in 1620. The compact was a legal agreement amongst the Pilgrims which outlined their right to rule themselves and to create a civilized colony for mutual benefit.

Cause
Pilgrims (not to be mixed up with Puritans) wished for religious freedom and escape from religious prosecution
Self government/unification

Effects
Idea of self-government
Attempt at democracy
Created the Plymouth colony which became very influential in Atlantic trade.

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Colony in Massachusetts founded by Puritan John Winthrop and was one of the most significant colonies. These Puritans were officially sent and funded by England

Causes
Puritans, people who thought the Church of England and Protestantism did not take it far enough and was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church, wanted religious freedom from the corrupt Church of England.
Puritans were persecuted in England and their practices were restricted
Wanted to "purify" from Catholicism
Wanted to model Christian society: City on a hill

Effects
Religious freedom
Religious intolerance: Puritans were not tolerant of other religions
self-government: developed town meeting system and a general court
The success of the colony led to more expansion, including Salem
Conflict with Natives
Established Harvard which was one of the earliest schools for higher education

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John Winthrop was a Puritan lawyer who obtained a royal charter for Massachusetts bay colony in 1923. He envisioned the city as a safe haven from "Gods wrath". City on a hill was modeled as a beacon of hope to inspire reform among residents of homeland of England.

Causes
Wanted religious freedom
Wanted to escape religious persecution
Wanted to have a model society

Effects
City on a Hill idea served to reinforce the colony's commitment to their ideals, morals, and religious standards
Beginning of American Exceptionalism
Attained religious freedom

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Anne Hutchinson was a woman who amassed a following by holding religious meetings for pregnant women and nurses who were unable to attend regular services. She went against religion and gender identities, and was later put on trial and found guilty. She was then expelled and went to New York.

Causes
She challenged religion and gender roles
Amassed a following of women and men who attended her meetings

Effects
Created divisions in the colony and challenged the Puritans
Role model for women who went against gender roles

Roger Williams held unconventional religious views and was a separatist from the Church of Englang, advocating for separation from church and state and held controversial friendly relations with the natives. He was expelled for his dissenting views and eventually established the colony of Rhode Island, a colony which became a haven for separatists and dissenters and a model for religious freedom.

Causes
Advocated for separation of church and state
Religious freedom
Mistreatment of natives

Effects
Creation of the Rhode Island colony
Influenced the formation of Baptist churches due to his ideas

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Powerful women of Salem were accused of witchcraft (mass hysteria, fear, superstition) resulted in the execution of 20 women. Women who were hard to get along with, eccentric, poor, independent, women who had control of land, etc. were accused of being a witch.

Causes
England just finished war with France: people were worried about current relations with France causing anxiety
Physical separation between other colonies left Salem isolated: people were circulating ideas of witches and people became very worried
Neighbors would turn on each other
Social and economic tensions
Religious beliefs in the devil, supernatural, etc.
Cold winters - fear of starvation
Political upheaval at home
Economic and political changes
Violence in Indian wars

Effects
Women died
Salem made a poor reputation amongst other colonies
Justice system was reformed which required evidence and created procedures in courtrooms
People began reflecting on religious extremism, separation of church and state, and development of religious tolerance and freedom

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Navigation acts required merchants to conduct trade with England colonies in English owned ships/primarily English crews. Foreign goods from foreign ports had to be sent by English ships.

Causes
England wanted to benefit economically, export more than import, tax goods, and create a monopoly

Effects
Merchants had to pay large fees and marked up goods to England.
Merchants could choose to disobey and trade with foreign countries but at a risk of being caught.

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Mercantilism is the idea that a country should be exporting more than importing. England and France both adopted this idea.

Causes
Wishes to increase wealth in the treasury
Expand trade
Promoting exporting

Effects
Caused expansion and create more colonies for more resources and markets for wealth
Access to wider array of natural resources
Wealth for colonial elites transformed seaport cities into urban centers
Wealthy elites widened the gap between rich and poor since merchants would directly benefit

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Groups of indentured servants and slaves came together to revolt against the colonial government

Causes:
Virginia's unwillingness to help colonists in conflicts against natives and lack of representation in the House of Burgesses
Economic hardship for slaves and servants alike
Governor Berkeley had policies which favored trade with Natives for fur (monopolized)

Effects
Fear in wealthy landowners
Lowered taxes
More aggressive anti-indian policy: pushes natives further west
Moved from indentured servants to enslaved Africans to prevent another rebellion
Virginia became a slave society

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War with the natives in New England where the English demanded the Wampanoags lay down their arms and be ruled under English Law. Wampanoags believed the English had to be forced out so the natives could surive. Metacom gained support from other tribes to attack the English: burnt fields, killed settlers, took women and children captive. War ended with the English ambushing Metacom.

Causes
English wanted native land
Resistance against English made the English scared of the natives
English wanted to spread influence and religion

Effects
Many people died, both natives and English
Land was burnt
Many natives and English werre displaced
Natives stoped resisting
English expanded
Increased efforts to push natives off their lands
Racism towards natives

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Age of Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage

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Age of Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage

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The journey across the Atlantic which forcibly transported Africans from their home to the Americas to be enslaved.

Causes
Need for labor
Profit and $$$
Apart of the triangular trade system (such as how the Caribbean islands and colonies would trade back and forth for slaves and raw goods)

Effects
Human suffering
Profit
Racism
Injusatice
Loss of culture and identity

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Laws to restrict rights of slaves and to get more work out of them:

1662: Slave status of children determined by the condition of mother; children of slaves automatically become enslaved

Why?: Economic benefit (insures continuous supply), “investment”, increases worth of female slaves

Ensures against white slave owners from becoming slaves by focusing on the mother (such as if a white slave owner had a child with a slave)

1667: Converting to Christianity did not alter the status of the enslaved

Why?: Ensuring a source of slavery

1669: No longer a felony for killing an enslaved person for “resisting”

Why: Inflicting discipline, ensuring productivity, devalues the life of an enslaved person and therefore values whites as more valuable.

1682: Mixed race children defined as enslaved

1691: Enslavers could only free enslaved laborers IF they could transport them out of the colony

1705: Forbid whipping of white servants without permission of judge

1705: Forcibly took away all property of enslave while white servants allowed to keep theirs

1705: Enslaved required to have written permission to leave plantation

1705: Enslaved could be whipped, branded or maimed for associating with whites

Did not want africans intermingling with whites to emphasize/perpetuates racial hierarchy

Prevents another instance of Bacon’s rebellion

1740: Illegal to teach enslaved people to read

Causes
Racism
Perpetuate slavery

Effects
Created a racial hierarchy
reinforced racism

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Slave rebellion in South Carolina which was one of the first slave uprisings. A slave known as Cato gathered at the Stono River and stole firearms and ammunition, killing the owner and taking the white colonists as captive

Causes
Harsh conditions
Wish for freedom

Effects
Harsher/stricker rules on slaves
Fear of slaves
Increased vigilance and surveillance of slaves
Suppression of slaves

1662: Slave status of children determined by the condition of mother; children of slaves automatically become enslaved

Why?: Economic benefit (insures continuous supply), “investment”, increases worth of female slaves

Ensures against white slave owners from becoming slaves by focusing on the mother (such as if a white slave owner had a child with a slave)

1667: Converting to Christianity did not alter the status of the enslaved

Why?: Ensuring a source of slavery

1669: No longer a felony for killing an enslaved person for “resisting”

Why: Inflicting discipline, ensuring productivity, devalues the life of an enslaved person and therefore values whites as more valuable.

1682: Mixed race children defined as enslaved

1691: Enslavers could only free enslaved laborers IF they could transport them out of the colony

1705: Forbid whipping of white servants without permission of judge

1705: Forcibly took away all property of enslave while white servants allowed to keep theirs

1705: Enslaved required to have written permission to leave plantation

1705: Enslaved could be whipped, branded or maimed for associating with whites

Did not want africans intermingling with whites to emphasize/perpetuates racial hierarchy

Prevents another instance of Bacon’s rebellion

1740: Illegal to teach enslaved people to read

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A philosophical, intellectual, and cultural movement in Europe and eventually the colonies which emphasized logic and thinking over faith. Famous thinkers were John Locke

Ideas of natural rights (life liberty and property_
Social contract and consent of the governed
Role of government
Right to dissolve the government fid they do not serve their purpose

Causes:
Transmission of ideas from Europe
Establishment of educational institutions
Colonial press spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Effects:
Changed how people thought
People got detached from faith
Religious tolerance was more popular
Science advancements
Infleunce of ideas of Enlightenment on leaders (TJ and Ben Franklin incorporated ideas from enlightenment into the declaration)

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A religious revival which affected all parts of the colonies which emphasized religious revival, preaching, and a call for spiritual conversion. Contrasted the enlightenment.

Causes:
Religious decline
Communication and print increased diffusion

Effects
Surge in religious enthusiasm
Challenge authority
People began making their own political decisions without the authority of British crown
Success was redefined: anyone can be saved no matter the wealth
All people could have access to the bible and a personal relationship with god