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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that former slaves and the descendants of slaves were not citizens of the US, even if they were residents of free states or territories. They could not sue in court and were considered property.

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Following the Civil War, the 13th Amendment was added, prohibiting slavery in order to protect the civil rights of African Americans.

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Following the Civil War, the 14th Amendment was added, confirming the citizenship of all US-born/naturalized people. It restricted states from limiting the privileges and immunities of citizens.

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The 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African American men, stating that race or previous servitude cannot be used to deny a person's voting rights.

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The Jim Crow Laws were a series of policies implemented across the Southern states in an attempt to limit the freedoms given to African Americans by the recently added amendments. They included many segregation policies and voting barriers.

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This Supreme Court case occurred after Homer Plessy, a light-skinned man who was partially African was arrested and accused of violating a Jim Crow state law relating to railroad cars. The Court decided that the law was legal, if the facilities were "separate but equal".

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The 19th Amendment states that a person cannot be denied the right to vote based on sex, which introduced women's right to vote.

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In this Supreme Court case, several African American families sued the Board of Education for not allowing their children to attend an all-white school when it was closer and more convenient for them. The Court ruled that segregation was illegal, overturning "separate but equal".

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A group of 9 African American students, called Little Rock Nine, enrolled at Central High School following the Supreme Court decision in Brown. However, they were harassed and barred from entering, calling to attention whether or not the government would enforce its recent decision.

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This Act outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places. It also outlawed employment discrimination based on sex/religion/race/nationality.

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Affirmative Action is a policy to address previous discrimination against marginalized groups, and boost those minorities, through means such as quotas or contracts.

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The Voting Rights Act outlawed literacy tests as a requirement for voting, which was previously used to bar African Americans. It authorized law enforcement to help with registration in uncooperative areas and required approval from states before changing voting laws.

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Roe v. Wade was a landmark Supreme Court decision where it was ruled that the Constitution did include a woman's right to have an abortion.

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In this Supreme Court case, a white student sued the University of California system after being denied admission despite having a higher academic record than several other African American students who were accepted. The Supreme Court ruled that having a strict quota like that was illegal, but left other affirmative action options open.