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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures. This technique gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing. As a result, it's much less likely that you'll end up with a badly underexposed or overexposed photo.

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color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors. An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source. With front light, the shadow falls behind the subject. When side lit, it appears on the opposite side that's lit.

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he areas of an image that are neither bright nor dark. Highlights refer to the bright parts of an image, and the shadows are the dark parts. Midtones are all of the luminance values in between. In a greyscale image, midtones are easy to spot, as they're the grey parts.

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the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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what you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image. When you look through your viewfinder, these are the rectangles or circles that you see. There are different types of AF points: vertical or horizontal, and cross-type.

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indicates the level of light reaching the sensor. Too much light results in over exposure which gives you a photo that is too light and lacking detail. Too little light results in under exposure which gives you a photo that is too dark and again, lacking detail.

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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displays the application windows and dialogs that are open in your workspaces. The panel application displays the workspaces in order from left to right across the rows of the panel application.

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where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more. The menu bar consists of 11 items: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help.

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right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen.

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Cropping is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated image. The process usually consists of the removal of some of the peripheral areas of an image

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The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9

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the detail an image holds. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. "Higher resolution" means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved.

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Dots per inch is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch. Similarly, dots per centimetre refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of 1 centimetre. The amount of detail in an image. Digital images are measured by the number of pixels per inch

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents. For example, a Microsoft Word document saved in the . DOC file format is best viewed in Microsoft Word. Even if another program can open the file, it may not have all the features needed to display the document correctly.

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RAW file is the most common file format for uncompressed images captured by digital cameras and Scanners. RAW files are generally large in size because it contains minimally processed image data with lossless quality. It contains the direct image data from the camera sensors with no loss of quality and alteration.

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What is a PNG file? PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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What is a JPEG File? JPEG stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”. It's a standard image format for containing lossy and compressed image data. Despite the huge reduction in file size JPEG images maintain reasonable image quality.

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the native file format of Adobe Photoshop. You've probably seen files with the . psd extension format, especially if you've been an Adobe Photoshop user. Most commonly used by designers and artists, Photoshop Documents are powerful tools for image data storage and creation.

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in Camera helps you get great shots in high-contrast situations. iPhone takes several photos in rapid succession at different exposures and blends them together to bring more highlight and shadow detail to your photos.

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a combination of two exposures in one image to produce evocative results. In this easy-to-follow tutorial, learn how graphic artist Erica Larson uses Adobe Photoshop to combine two photos, creating a seamless double exposure effect. Explore Lightroom.

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the period of twilight when the Sun is at a significant depth below the horizon. During this time, the remaining sunlight takes on a mostly blue shade. This shade differs from the colour of the sky on a clear day, which is caused by Rayleigh scattering.

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers.

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based on three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. Triadic colors have equally spaced hues in the same color family, but they are not directly across from one another. The most common triadic colors are red-orange-yellow, blue-green-violet and red-green-blue.

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tells you the effective focal length and aperture f-stop of your camera in terms of standard 35mm lenses.

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most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm—and the distinctive look it makes possible.

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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format

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an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light

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a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects.

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a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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a specific type of a long-focus lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length.

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an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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DSLR (or “digital single-lens reflex”) is a term that's become synonymous with digital cameras and interchangeable lenses

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a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image.

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Thumbnails are reduced-size versions of pictures or videos, used to help in recognizing and organizing them, serving the same role for images as a normal text index does for words.

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The term post-processing is used in the video/film business for quality-improvement image processing methods used in video playback devices

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a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them.

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the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

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color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors. An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors

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it indicates that a modern pigment has been used instead of the traditional one.

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Vibrance allows photographers to increase the intensity of muted colors while leaving saturated colors untouched. As a result, images appear much more natural and even.

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Contrast in photography is the visual ratio of different tones in an image. This difference is what creates the textures, highlights, shadows, colors and clarity in a photograph.

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The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image. You can deselect another tool by clicking on the move tool.

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The Patch Tool is like a giant healing brush, use it to remove large blemishes from photos. In this tutorial, learn how to remove and duplicate elements of a photo using the Patch Tool.

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The Clone Stamp tool copies pixels from one area and applies them to another. Think about it as “copying and pasting,” but you're “pasting” the content by painting. The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool in Adobe Photoshop removes unwanted spots or small objects from your image. Choose the tool and click on the problem area. Photoshop selects and blends in replacement pixels from another part of your image.

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allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select. If you click on the sky, it selects the sky; click on a person's face, and you have the entire face selected in just seconds.

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The Polygonal Lasso tool is useful for making straight-edged selections. Choose the Polygonal Lasso tool (L). In the tool options bar, specify a selection option: New Selection, Add to Selection, Subtract from Selection, or Intersect with Selection.

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Use the Quick Selection tool to select part of an image that is different from the rest of the scene in terms of color or brightness. Drag over an area to begin the selection. Start dragging over an area you want to select.

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The rectangular marquee tool is frequently used to crop a part of the image. In the above example, we've already selected the part we want to crop. All we need to do now is press C or click the 'Crop Tool' icon in the toolbox. If you hit ENTER, Photoshop will crop out the rest of the image.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations.

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Magnify or reduce the view of your image with the Zoom tool. Select the Zoom tool from the toolbar. In the tool options bar, choose the Zoom In option to magnify your view or the Zoom Out option to reduce the image view.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images.

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The Gradient tool is a fast way to create gradual changes of color and light across an image. You can use different types of gradients to blend with or overlay other images to create cool backdrops for logo designs, poster art, stylized profile photos, and more.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you wan

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From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active. Select the Burn tool ( ) from the available options. Choose a brush tip and set the brush options in the options bar.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need. Click and drag over the part of the image you want to blur.

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First, open your image in Adobe Photoshop. Then, go to the Filter menu and select Camera Raw Filter. When the Camera Raw Filter dialog box appears, go to the Sharpness tab. Here, you'll see a slider that you can use to adjust the amount of sharpening you want to apply to your image.

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The Select and Mask tool is Adobe Photoshop's powerful selection tool with advanced mask refinement options. It gives you complete control over your layer mask and allows you to precisely define the edges of your selection.

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The Paint Bucket tool Mode setting allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control. Choose from toolbar options like Darken, Multiple, Color Dodge, and more to create different effects.

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With the Straighten tool you can manually specify a line in a tilted image that should be horizontal or vertical and Photoshop will straighten the image accordingly. In the toolbox, select the Straighten tool ( ).

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Crop an image. The Crop tool removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image. When you crop an image, by default, the resolution remains the same as the original image.

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Select the Smudge tool (R) from the toolbar. If you can't find the Smudge tool, click and hold the Blur tool ( ) to show the other related tools, and then select the Smudge tool. Choose a brush tip and and blend mode options in the options bar.

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The Sponge tool, a cool saturation tool, is now available in Photoshop on the iPad. With brush settings like Flow, Hardness, Angle, and Roundness, you can saturate or desaturate any area of your image and create interesting effects.