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- Slovak politician, diplomat, Minister of War in Czechoslovakia
- his many contacts abroad (mainly in France) helped immensely with establishing Czechoslovakia
-during WW1 he organized the Czechoslovakian legions, which was one of the reasons why the Western countries were keen to approve the establishment of CZSK
-dies unexpectedly, the plane falls while he flew to see the new republic

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- the most important one
- The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.
- signed on 28 June 1919 in the Palace of Versailles
- negotiated by 'The Big Four' - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
- Germany excluded from the negotiations (as were Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire)
- the Treaty required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war:
1. the 231 War Guilt Clause
2. No air or naval force allowed, no standing army of more than 100 000
3. Huge war reparations (paying for cost of the war)
4. Loss of land and territory
- The Treaty created a great feeling of resentment and injustice in Germany

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-In exchange for joining the Allied side, the French, British, and Russians promised Italy territory in 1915.
-According to this widely held belief, the Allies could not give Italy the promised territory since it was not theirs to offer, because the majority of the region promised to Italy was populated by non-Italians
- This feeling of Italy being chated at  Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye gave rise to Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (PNF)

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-  ex-socialist journalist Benito Mussolini found his fasci di combattimento (“fighting leagues”), better known as Fascists, in Milan in March 1919
- radical nationalist ideas
- strong doses of anticlericalism and republicanism

Fascist proposals:
- confiscation of war profits
- the eight-hour day
- the vote for women

April 1919:
- fascists and nationalists burned down the offices of the national Socialist daily, L’Avanti!
- the first demonstration of the ability of the Fascists to attack Socialist institutions

- fascist violence rose and they started taking over socialist and catholic organizations
- fascist squads, dressed in black-shirted uniforms and often financed by landowners or industrialists, used systematic violence to destroy these organizations
- thousands of people were beaten, killed, or forced to drink castor oil and run out of town

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March on Rome (28th - 30th October 1922)

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March on Rome (28th - 30th October 1922)

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- The uprising that brought Benito Mussolini to power in Italy in late October 1922 was known as the March on Rome
- The March of the 'black shirts' signaled the start of fascist power and the end of the socialist and liberal parliamentary regimes that had preceded it
- the Italian king (Victor Emmanuel III) was forced to appoint Mussolini as the prime minister of Italy; within five years he gains unlimited power as Il Duce (until he is removed in 1943)

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Interwar Germany - Weimar Republic (1919-1933) 

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Interwar Germany - Weimar Republic (1919-1933) 

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- immediately after WWI, Germany struggled with the aftermath and acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles; democratic progress and economic stability slow to come
- from 1924 to 1929, a great deal of monetary and political stability were restored, and the Republic enjoyed relative prosperity
- the global economic crisis following the stock market crash of 1929 hits Germany hard and gives rise to Nazi extremism

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Munich Beer Hall Putsch (November 8th - 9th, 1923)

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Munich Beer Hall Putsch (November 8th - 9th, 1923)

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- the putsch was inspired by Benito Mussolini's successful March on Rome
- Hitler planned to use Munich as a base to overthrow the Weimar government
- the putsch was suppressed, Hitler got arrested was sentenced to five years imprisonment; however, it brought attention to Hitler to attention for the first time and allowed him to use that to build the Nazi Party when released.

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Paul von Hindenburg becomes President of Germany (28th February 1925)

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Paul von Hindenburg becomes President of Germany (28th February 1925)

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- respected WWI general responsible for multiple victories against Russians
- promoting a stab-in-the-back theory blaming Germany’s defeat in internal enemies, and affecting a non-political conservative nationalist stance, he managed to remain a hero in the eyes of many Germans
- personally opposed to Hitler and the Nazi Party, but he ultimately allowed Hitler to come to power (signing the Enabling Act and making him Chancellor in 1933)

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- the aim of the Locarno Conference was to normalise relations with Weimar Germany, especially in terms of borders
- it split Europe into Western countries, with guaranteed borders with Germany, and Eastern countries, where borders were up for revision
- diplomatic standing of Weimar Germany improved by this point, and in 1926, they joined the League of Nations

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- Black Thursday (24th October 1929) and Black Tuesday (29th October 1929) caused the US markets to crash (after the London Exchange Crash in September)
- the event set off the Great Depression, the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century
- consequences included drops in wages, prices, and taxes, halt of construction, decrease in trade and unemployment
- in Weimar Germany, this led to a destabilisation of the country and contributed to the rise of Nazism

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- throughout the 1930s, women in Italy were expected to accept the fascist ideology
- girls were expected to get married and conceive lots of children
- many young women in Italy felt the pressures of politics that were dominated by men and felt that women’s rights were disappearing, because they just started to get a lot better for them after the war

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Czechoslovakia 28/10/1918 [edited by Kaja]

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Czechoslovakia 28/10/1918 [edited by Kaja]

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Events:
Oct 1918 Czechoslovakia is proclaimed

Border problems
-the west border -> Germany didn't want to accept the border
-the south border-> was attacked by Hungary (they were unsuccessful)
-the south-western border-> was taken by Poland

Nationalities:
- Czechs
- Slovaks
- Germans
- Poles
- Hungarians

Political challenges
-ethnic differences->three ethnic groups Czechs (7 million), Germans (3 million) and Slovaks (2 million) had their own nationalist parties, Germans had more of these parties than Czechs and Slovaks did
-economic crisis->great depression (unemployment, hunger and inflation)
-German nazi party-> germans nazi nationalist party was funded by Hitler and was the biggest party in the parliament

Allies of Czechoslovakia ->France (from Jan 1924) and Italy

Imbalance of power between Czechs and Slovaks
Czechs were generally more educated (also in their national language). They had more history (past experience) with ruling a state. They were also the biggest population in the country, so they made most of the decisions.
Slovaks on the other hand weren't taught in their language, didn't have a big elite, and didn't have big say in the political affairs of the state. This made Slovaks feel unequal in the later years and influenced their position in WWII.

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Czech and Slovak leaders agreed on the composition of a constituent assembly, which excluded Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians, and Poles. The assembly adopted a democratic constitution. Its two houses, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, had the right to elect, in a joint session, the president of the republic for a term of seven years. The cabinet was made responsible to the assembly.

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- the Erhardt  Brigade, a rebellious military unit, marched into Berlin s a part of the first serious rightist attempt to destroy the Republic ad seize power.

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Killed an estimated 5 million people in the volga region, people had to resort to cannibalism
- caused by the economic impact of the civil war

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- sailors and workers demanded that Bolsheviks start sharing the political power and listen to those they are supposed to represent
- happened on the outskirts of today's Saint Petersburg
- Bolsheviks sent 60 thousand soldiers to suppress the revolt
- despite this suppression being successful, the Bolsheviks realized that they are on the verge of losing the support they enjoyed until now

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Lenin deaths -> Stalin came to power

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Hitler’s male followers became an increasingly militarised force of Stormtroopers or SA (Sturmabteilung)

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- killed up to 12 million people
- it was caused by the catastrophic chaos of collectivisation
- the communist party deepened the famine by their decision making
- kulaks were blamed for it, the communist killed them for it, resulting in genocide

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Hitler and the Nazis received 38% of the votes making them the most popular party in the history of Weimar

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Hitler named the last Weimar Chancellor (January 30, 1933)

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Hitler named the last Weimar Chancellor (January 30, 1933)

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- President of Germany Paul Von Hindenburg appoints A. Hitler as a chancellor
- Enabling Act - Hitler could make new legislation without parliament
- Hitler acted quickly to destroy democratic institutions and to take away the rights of the individual

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The Reichstag fire happened just four weeks after Hitler was appointed chancellor. Basically what happened is that someone set the Reichstag on fire. Following that, the nazis arrested the boss of the communist party, and later executed him. They blamed the fire on the communists, and they arrested thousands of them following the incident. Hitler used this as a reason to pass the Reichstag fire decree just the following day, which basically limited the freedom of speech, imposed censorship, and gave him complete control of the country. Some historians believe that it was actually done by the nazis, because thanks to this Hitler consolidated his power over Germany very quickly.
(šebo)

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1933 -> he created the Central Purge Commission, which publicly investigated and tried members of the Communist Party for treason
1933/1934 -> 1,140,000 members were expelled from the party
1933 /1938 -> thousands were arrested and expelled, or shot, including about 25 percent of the army officer corps

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First concentration camp opened -> March 1933 

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First concentration camp opened -> March 1933 

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The first concentration camp opened
Dachau was opened in March 1933. The press statement given at the opening stated: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with accommodation for 5000 people

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The death of Paul von Hindenburg August 2, 1934

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The death of Paul von Hindenburg August 2, 1934

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The president of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg dies of lung cancer. Adolf Hitler, the chancellor of Germany is appointed president.

- sofia

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The night of the Long Knives was a process of extrajudicial executions ordered by Hitler. He ordered to kill the boss of the  Sturmabteilung (SA)  - (Ernst Röhm), and some of his other rivals and opponents to consolidate his power, and gain complete control of the Nazi party and entire Germany. - Edited Peter

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- main goal was racial purity
- Jews lost the right to vote
- Jewish trade was highly discouraged
- Nazi leadership moved Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship.

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Kristallnacht/ Night of broken glass (november 1938)

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Kristallnacht/ Night of broken glass (november 1938)

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On this night German nazis attacked Jewish people and their property. It's called the night of broken glass to symbolize shattered glass that was on the streets after people destroyed Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues.

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Munich Agreement- Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign the Munich agreement, by which Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany.

-Matej Kiss

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August 1939 a non-aggression pact between Soviet Union Nazi Germany

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August 1939 a non-aggression pact between Soviet Union Nazi Germany

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it also included how will they separate their influence in these countries: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland

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1. September 1939 Germany invaded Poland.

- Peter Kovacs

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 3, September 1939 - United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany

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 3, September 1939 - United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on da.wikipedia.org Usage on de.wikipedia.org Usage on fi.wikipedia.org Usage on nl.wikipedia.org

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Stalin waits until 17 of September to start his own invasion
(pretty smart because Poland was already weaker because of fighting with Germany)

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campaign of mass murder and euthanasia of patients "deemed incurably sick". these killings only stopped with the defeat of Germany, around 300,000 people were killed

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Trotsky was killed by Stalin agents

miss that guy

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From July until October, 1940
- German airforce bombed everything (villages, industrial sites, monuments, etc.)
- Over 10k British civilians were killed
- Britain won this war thanks to the development of radar, high industrial productivity, and breaking the German attack plans (Group named ULTRA broke the plans)

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Germany (divorces) attacks Soviet Union
As we know, though there were many tries (Stalingrad, Kursk...)
Germany didn't invade Russia

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After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 7. 1941, USA entered the World War 2 and joined the allies.

-Boris

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✍ mismanaged war effort: no food, casualties, diseases... pretty bad
✍ competition for power on the homefront

1917
Feb - Women's Day: women together with workers protest in Petrograd ---> Tsar Nicholas II is scared and abdicates (why are you runnin'?)
Apr - Vladimir Lenin is back from exile (guess who's back, back again)
Oct - Bolsheviks take over government buildings, transport network... (Ok, this is our playground now, back off)

1918
Mar - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (stop, get some help)
✍ Civil War starts (until 1922, spoiler - Red Army wins)
Red Army (the Bolsheviks) vs White Army (monarchists, other government groups) vs Green Army (peasants)
(why do you wanna fight? because I can't sing or dance)

1924
Lenin dies and Stalin takes his place 😐😑😐 (..., come on)

1932-33
massive famine, many deaths

1936
Soviet constitution which is "democratic". The government is afraid of non-Russians

Industrialization takes place.

What Stalin promised (and kind of fulfilled?)
PEACE - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
BREAD - supplies, renewing Russia
LAND - from aristocrats to the workers (communists)

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before wwi, jews were fairly well respected and booming in slovakia. the neolog community was especially strong in bratislava, where jews even managed to get representation in high politics, education and business. one of the most notable jews in slovakia was Chatam Sofer, a rabbi who worked in bratislava for thirty years and managed to develop the slovak and international jewish community (and now has one of my favorite bus stops named against him). antisemitism was present even then as jews were largely connected to hungary with whom slovakia does not have the friendliest of histories - but as a whole they were largely respected and influential on slovak culture.

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Was supposed to take the German army straight to Moscow but Hitler wanted a showy war front entailing attacks across the USSR.
=> mistake
3mil German soldiers rolled toward the USSR , with he enigmatic Stalin disappearing from the view i the first days of the attack.
Later Stalin reappeared and roused Soviets to a strong resistance.
=> USSR & Britain become allies

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Final Solution (February - 1942)  (Miro)

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Final Solution (February - 1942)  (Miro)

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- Meeting of highest SS leaders
-  Code name for the murder of all Jews within reach
-  The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at "murdering every last Jew in the German grasp"

https://youtu.be/dmV1ehLK9sI

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-> house-to-house fighting, massive German bombing, and horrific ground warfare
->two million people were killed and wounded including tens of thousands of civilians
-> USSR won
-> a huge turning point in the war
-The Soviets proceeded to move westward across the continent toward Germany

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- the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto began an uprising
- they were fighting back against their final transportation to death camps
- they refused to surrender to the SS soldiers who were supposed to burn the ghetto
- it lasted a month
- 13 thousand Jews were killed
- largest Jewish revolt during WW2

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(29. 8. 1944 – 28. 10. 1944)
- The uprising against the entry of the German Wehrmacht army into the territory of the war-torn Slovak Republic.
- It was also partially a movement against then-president Jozef Tiso.

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Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6-9 August, 1945)

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Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6-9 August, 1945)

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The US have detonated two nuclear bombs of the type "Little boy" over these two Japanese cities in the summer of 1945. This remains the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict so far in world history. The results were two completely destroyed cities, and over a 100 000 dead civilians. 6 days later, Japan surrendered, marking the complete end of WW2.

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(6. 6. 1944 – 30. 8. 1944)

Battle of Normandy = Operation Overlord

It launched the successful invasion of Germany-occupied France, and later also Germany itself.

On the night of the 6th, the Allies landed a lot of troops in a small part of the French coast, surprising the Axis soldiers.

The following campaign started a series of Allied victories, which later led to the overall defeat of Nazi Germany.

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-> On May 8, 1945, World War II in Europe came to an end, when Germany surrendered
-> however Japan did not surrender until 2. September

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- the only woman who was executed after a show trial
- anti-war, anti-nazi resistance- send to Trezín the concentration camp in 1940
- joined democratic socialist party ČSNS
- looked up to Beneš and Masaryk
- In September 1949 she was arrested by secret police but she refused to go by the script in her show trial
- the only person who made a speech and said she does not regret her actions and she accepts the punishment
executed on 27. June 1950

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- The Warsaw Pact armies (except for Albania and Romania) led by the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia during the night, August 20 - August 21
- people reacted through passive protests, however "normal" life continued
- Soviet troops stayed in Czechoslovakia and with their aid Husák politically defeated the reformers and Dubček

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- his self-immolation was a form of political protest against censorship, newspapers Zprávy and the end of the Prague spring
- on 16th of January 1969 he set himself in fire and died on the 19th of January
- later became a symbol of bravery and fight against the regime

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23 - 25 June 1972, Fidel Castro visited Slovakia 

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23 - 25 June 1972, Fidel Castro visited Slovakia 

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- Castro visited Slovakia in order to improve relations between Cuba and Czechoslovakia.
- He landed in Bratislava, visited Slavin and then travelled to Nitra and High Tatras.

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- effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs
- respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and to cooperate in economic, scientific, humanitarian, and other areas.
- Peťo

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January 1977

a petition that was supposed to urge the government to observe human rights as stated in the Helsinki Accords

it was focusing on human rights not being respected, together with showing specific examples (discrimination in jobs, free traveling, economic issues, etc.) and giving examples on how to fix this problematic

- many intellectuals and activists that signed this petition were later arrested (including Jan Patocka, Vaclav Havel, etc.)

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-Perestroika (restructuring), Glastnost (openness), Demokratizatsiya (limited democratic reforms)
-pushed for demilitarization in eastern Europe

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At the end of the 80's Secret Church activities were intensifying which resulted in the Candle Manifestation as a protest against the regime and the prosecution of the church.

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Public Against Violence (Verejnost proti nasiliu) 1989

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Public Against Violence (Verejnost proti nasiliu) 1989

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- Was established after the Velvet revolution (17th November 1989)
- Political figures, intelectuals and people founded VPN to battle against the violent regime, to protect the people and give them freedom, learn freely
- Some say they were the Slovak version of the Civic Forum (Obcianske Forum) but in fact they worked together
- A political party which influenced the way Slovakia developed while the Czech republic disconnected

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Czechoslovakia split into two different states - Czech republic and Slovak republic, as agreed by Vladko Mečiar and Václav Klaus.