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Arms-
Elbow (hinge joint)= bent when you're about to pass and as you pass they straight. when arms are bent the bicep is contracted and the tricep is relaxed and when straight the tricep is contracted and the bicep is relaxed.
Shoulder (ball and socket joint)= when elbows are bent shoulders are back and rational movement allows the ball to be brought forward with power while passing.
Wrist (gliding joint)= flick forward slightly which gives your pass direction.
Legs-
Knee (hinge joint)= knee may slightly bend causing the quadriceps to contract and the hamstrings to relax.

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Wrist - gliding joint allows you to move the ball forward and out wards allowing you to follow through ensuring the direction if the ball.
Hip - the call and socket joint allows u to step forward and generate power behind the ball allowing you to push the ball further.

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Shoulder ball and socket joint allows rotational movement to be carried out allowing to to pass the ball forward.
Elbows-hinge joint allows for to be put behind the ball whilst you bend then straighten your arms.
Wrist-

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Arms-
Elbow (hinge joint)= bent when you're about to pass and as you pass they straighten. when arms are bent the bicep is contracted and tricep is relaxed and when straight bicep is relaxed and tricep is contracted.
Shoulder (ball and socket joint)=when elbows are bent shoulders are back and are brought forward while passing.
Wrist (pivot joint)=flick forward slightly.
Legs-
Knee (hinge joint)= knee slightly bends making quadriceps contract and hamstrings relax as you step in to pass the ball.

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Soccer-free kick
Hip- ball and socket joint rotates when running up to the ball and goes forward when striking the ball

Knee- hinge joint which contracts and relaxes when running up to the ball then straightens out When striking for more power on the ball

Shoulder- ball and socket joint which rotates when running up to the ball but moves out to the side  when striking for balance.

Neck- pivot joint which stays facing down at the ball for the run up and the strike of the ball

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Soccer-free kick
Hip- ball and socket joint which rot

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Football- Freekick
Legs
when running up to the ball, we use our knee joints which are hinge joints. This means that they only move either forwards or backwards.

We also use our ankle joints which are also hinge joints, to strike the ball cleanly and to position your foot correctly.

When running up to strike the ball, we need to position our bodies correctly if we want to get a clean strike of the ball, so we adjust our body using our hip joint which is a ball and socket joint and can move in full rotations.

We use our arms to generate power running up to the ball. We use our elbow joint(hinge) and our shoulder joint(ball and socket) to bend our arms and swing them backwards and forwards to generate more speed and power in our build up to the strike.

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Karate

Knee- Hinge joint, knee moves over and back to kick and snap back.

Hip- Ball and socket, hip turns to kick round and fully rotates to kick to the side.

Ankle- Hinge joint, used to straighten your ankle so that you don't break it and kick effectivly.

Quadricep-The quadricep contacts when the leg staightens to kick and relaxes when you pull it back from the kick.

Hamstring-The hamstring contracts when you pull your leg back from the kick and the hamstring relaxes when you straighten your leg to kick at first.

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Gaelic

To take a free kick we use joints and muscles from our head to our toes.

As we drop the ball we use the joints in our shoulders, elbows, wrist and fingers.

SHOULDERS- The ball and socket joint of the shoulders rotate backwards.

ELBOWS- the hinge joint of the elbows straighten

WRIST AND HAND- The wrist is a gliding joint and the joints in the fingers are conyloid.  The wrist bends up and the fingers cup around the ball.

During the above movement we use biceps and triceps muscles.  The biceps relax and the triceps contract.

The main kicking action involves the joints of the lower body- Hips, Knees, ankle and foot.

HIP- The hip flexors swing forward, this is the largest joint action while kicking a ball.  The ball and socket joint of the hip rotates back and forward as we step into the free kick.

KNEE- The knee joint is a hinge joint, it bends and straightens and then extends as we kick.

ANKLE- The ankle joint is also a hinge joint, the joint flexes but stays rigid so we keep power behind the kick.

FOOT- The foot joint is made up of the tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges, these are the joints that make contact with the ball as we kick.

The lower leg muscles that we use are the calf muscles which contract to allow the ankle to extend (plantar flexion), the musles at the front of tibia that contract to keep ankle rigid, the thigh muscles(quadriceps) that contact to straighten knees the hip flexors and the hamstrings that relaxes.

In addition to the obvious leg muscle we also use the abdominal, back and gluteal muscles for stability and the pivot joints of the neck to help focus on the ball.

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Front click

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Gaelic free kick
Legs
Knee- hinge joint.  The knee bends and straightens when you run. When you kick to connect with the ball it straightens.
Calf contracts and relaxes.
Hip -ball and socket joint. Your hip rotates back and forth as you step into take the free and when you kick the ball kicking it in the correct direction.
Quadricep contracts and hamstring relaxes.

Arms
Elbow-hinge joint. the elbow straightens when you move your arm out and down to drop the ball onto your foot.
The bicep relaxes and the tricep contract
Shoulder- ball and socket joint. When you release the ball onto your foot to kick, as your arm drops your shoulder rotates back .
Head
Neck- pivot joint. Neck is facing forward so you can see where you want the ball to go. Then as you begin to kick the ball neck is facing downwards to make sure you are connecting with the ball
As well as the  leg muscle used we also use the abdominal and back muscles for stability.
as well as the leg muscles used we use the abdominal and back muscles for stability

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gaelic football-free kick
hip joint ans knee joint run up
shoulder ball and socket joint for stablization
hip ball and socket joint used to kick upwards
knee lever joint bending back then straightening to generate power

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Gaelic free kick
As you kick the ball the knee(hinge)straightens
As you kick the ball your hip(ball and socket) rotate giving the direction to your kick
Your elbow(hinge) straightens to lower the ball as you make contact with the ball
As you strike the ball your neck(pivot) moves over the ball to allow you to control your kick

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Arm-hing join is used at the elbows when going to pass the ball as the bicep contracts and the tricep relaxes and then as you release the ball the bicep relaxes and the tricep contracts.
Hip-ball and socket joint is used to move the body forward as you step in to pass the ball.
Leg-hinge joint is also used in the knee as you lean in to pass the ball.

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“set” phase
Hip joint (ball and socket) - Hips rise slowly, rotating to a position above the shoulders

Knee joint (hinge) - Front leg knee angle approx. 90 degrees
back leg knee angle approx. 120 degrees. Back leg extends to straighten but not in a locked position

Ankle joint (hinge) - Feet pushed hard back into the blocks

Shoulder (ball and socket) - at a 90 degree angle. Arms are vertical, leaning forward would take the weight off of the feet allowing less explosive power out of the blocks. Shoulders back and vertically above or slightly forward of the hands

Elbow (hinge) -Arms straight but not locked at the elbows

Neck (pivot) - Head and neck in line with the spine

“gun sound” Phase

the whole body extends so there is a straight line through the head, spine and extended rear leg - body approx. 45 degree angle to the ground

Hip joint (ball and socket), knee joint (hinge), Ankle joint (hinge) -  explosively extend the hip, knee and ankle joints propelling your body forward. Hips rotate to straighten the upper body, into a straight line from head to your back foot.

elbow (hinge joint) - the elbow bends to a 90 degree angle and stays in the that position for the duration of the sprint ( stays locked and rotation occurs at shoulder). In the first stride my right arm fully extends, straightening ,is rotated by the shoulder and then moves to the 90 degree angle.

shoulder joint (ball and socket)- shoulder rotates backwards as you swing your arm backwards past your body in the first stride.

neck ( pivot joint) - neck is downwards facing the ground and stays in the position in the first phase of sprinting before the transition from the drive phase to the maximum velocity stage.

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Gaelic free kick
Legs
Knee- hinge joint.  The knee bends and straightens when you run. When you kick to connect with the ball it straightens.
Calf contracts and relaxes.
Hip -ball and socket joint. Your hip rotates when you step into take the free and when you kick the ball giving it direction.
Quadricep contracts and hamstring relaxes.

Arms
Elbow-hinge joint. the elbow straightens when you move your arm out and down to drop the ball onto your foot.
The bicep relaxes and the tricep contracts.
Shoulder- ball and socket joint. When you release the ball onto your foot to kick, as your arm drops your shoulder rotates back .
Head
Neck- pivot joint. Neck is facing forward so you can see where you want the ball to go. Then as you begin to kick the ball neck is facing downwards to make sure you are connecting with the ball

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Swimming Front Crawl

Knees- Requires the Hinge Joint as you move your legs in an up and down motion to propel through the water.
Gastrocnemius contracts for flexion and the quadriceps relax. The quadriceps contract for extension and gastrocnemius relaxes.

Hips- Requires the Ball and Socket Joint to rotate to both sides as hand passes the hips and out of the water to straighten out in front of the body.
Gluteus Medius contracts to allow rotation.

Shoulder- Ball and Socket Joint moves in a circular motion and rotates with the arms.
Deltoids and Latissimus dorsi contract.

Elbow- Hinge Joint, arm bends when out of the water and then straightens at back and front of the stroke.
Firstly Biceps contract and triceps relax.
Then Triceps contract and biceps relax.

Neck- Pivot Joint, Neck rotates to breath left and right.
Trapezius contracts on one side and relaxes on the other.

Wrists- Gliding Joint, moves with fingers facing bottom of the pool to allow a strong pull through the water.
Forearm contracts

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Soccer free kick
Hip is a ball and socket joint that rotates in your run up to the ball.
knee is a hinge joint and straightens and contracts in the run up to the ball and while you strike the ball. During this the hamstring and quadriceps contract and relax.
shoulder is a ball and socket joint and allows the arms to move backwards and forwards during the run up.
Ankle is a pivot joint and extends so you can strike the ball with your laces.
Elbow is a hinge joint and it extends and flexes during the run up to the free kick, this causes the biceps and triceps to contract and relax.

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soccer- free kick
knee- the knee bends and straightens as you run towards the ball

hip/ilium- this is a ball and socket joint which rotates as you run up towards the ball and it moves forwards as you make connection with the ball

shoulder- this is another ball and socket joint which rotates slightly to retain balance when running towards the ball

elbow- this is a hinge joint and may bend as as you follow through

wrists- this is a gliding joint which may move through out the movement

neck- your neck may pivot when looking up beofre and after you strike the ball

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golf

hips: in an attempt to hit the ball far off the tee the hips are a main aspect,the hips will rotate slowly during the backswing before acceleration to fast speeds in the downswing and through the ball, (Rory Mcilroy hip rotation speed =700+degrees per second)

shoulders:shoulder rotation is another key aspect of hitting driver to get a full turn in shoulders and hips is very important,the shoulder joint rotates,(Rory Mcilroy shoulder rotation=1400degrees per second)

elbows: in the golf swing for a right handed player the left elbow will stay straight as the right arm folds in on the hinge joint

wrists:both wrists in the golf swing are very active as to extend through the ball the wrists must get the club back in the correct position the wrist slides up during the backswing and forward in the downswing to create as much speed as possible

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Gaelic Freekick
legs:
joints in knees(hinge) move back and forward as yo are running up this makes the quads trighten and hamstrings relax
shoulder(ball and socket) this joint straightens out with the elbow joint hinge to hold  the ball above your foot ready to kick
hip(ball and socket)move back and forward as you are moving up to the free
head is a pivot as you take the freeit moves down to focus on the ball

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Elbow-hinge joint:
elbow bends as you pull and straightens towards the end of the stroke. it bends again during the recovery phase of your stroke.
Biceps contract and triceps relax on first phase
Triceps contract and biceps relax on second phase
Shoulder- Ball and socket joint:
shoulder rotates as you pull your arm past your body and rotates again in the recovery phase
Deltoids and latissimus dorsi contract
Wrist- Gliding joint:
wrist bends with fingers facing the bottom of the pool to allow maximum pull
Forearm contracts
Neck- Pivot joint:
neck rotates to breath
Trapezius contracts on one side and relaxes on the other
Hip- Ball and socket joint:
hips follow rotation of the shoulders to allow better catch and more streamlined position
Gluteus Medius contracts to allow rotation
Knee- Hinge joint:
knees bend slightly to provide a more powerful kick
Gastrocnemius contracts for flexion and the quadriceps relax. the quadriceps contract for extension and the gastrocnemius relaxes
Ankle- Hinge joint:
ankle is in extended position
Achilles contract to flex ankle

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swimming front crawl
Arms-
Shoulder/ ball and socket joint rotates as you pull your arm past your ear and through the water.
Elbow~ hinge joint bends as you begin to pull your arm out of the water and straightens towards the end of the stroke.
repeat with other arm.
Wrist~ Gliding joint moves/bends with fingers facing to the bottom of the pool

Legs-make sure all of your leg is moving up and down
Hip~ ball and socket straighten as your kicking/ kick from the hips.
Knee~ Hinge joint careful not to bend your knees too much.
Try to use long fast kicks
Neck~ pivot joint
Turn to side to take a breath whilst swimming and then rotate back into water.

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There are three main joints that are stressed when playing golf.  These include the wrist, the elbow, and the shoulder.  Although both the knees, as well as the hip, are often moved (see pictures 5-8), these joints are not quite as important and no injuries usually occur in these areas.  Power is definitely gained from their movement though.  Another area that is involved with movement is the trunk.  Though technically not a joint, it is extremely important in the golf swing, and is an area where injuries

Wrist
The wrist joint is a condyloid articulation, and more generally a synovial joint, and is very important in the game of golf.  This means it is bathed in synovial fluid, allowing a great deal of mobility.  At the beginning of the stroke, the wrists are pointed downwards slightly.  They will be flexed upwards by the top of the backstroke, bent down again at contact, then up again at the top of the follow-through.

Elbow
The elbow is a hinge joint, so although it cannot move side to side, its stability is key to golf.  The left elbow will be bent throughout the stroke.  It will conform to the movements of the right elbow, and may be slightly more bent or straighter at different times.  The right elbow, however, will be kept straight throughout the golf wing, until the follow-through, when it will bend as the club turns around the body.

Shoulder
The shoulder, or glenohumeral joint, is a synovial joint, and more specifically a ball and socket joint.  Both shoulders twist to left and up during the backswing, then right and down during the downswing.  The shoulders finish off the follow-through by turning up and to the right.

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Gaelic free kick
Arms-
Shoulder(ball and socket joint)  rotates back as your arm moves down to drop the ball.
Elbow(hinge joint) straightens as you move your arm down to drop the ball on to your foot. Bicep relaxes and tricep contracts.
Legs-
Hip( ball and socket) rotates back and forth as you take your steps into the free and as you kick the ball. Quad contracts and hamstring relaxes. Your knee(hinge joint) bends and straightens as you run and then straightens as you kick the ball. Calf contracts and relaxes.
Head-
Your neck (pivot joint) is upwards. As you take the free kick it moves downwards as you focus on kicking the ball.

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Using your own sport discuss the movement at each joint during the following movements... 

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Using your own sport discuss the movement at each joint during the following movements... 

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Soccer- free kick
Netball- chest pass
Swimming- front crawl
Golf- Drive
Gaelic- Free kick
Hurling/Camogie- Free
Runners- sprint start
Karate- Hook Kick
Dancing- Choose your own and describe

Discuss movement at every joint that is used and also then the different muscles that are contracting and relaxing for this movement to occur.