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Khan Academy on run-ons and comma splice

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preciou- [Voiceover] Hello grammarians, hello Rosie! - [Voiceover] Hi David! - [Voiceover] How are you? - [Voiceover] Good, how are you? - [Voiceover] Good, today we are going to talk about run-ons and comma splices. So a run-on sentence is what happens when two independent clauses are put together in one sentence without any punctuation or coordinating conjunctions like and, but, or. So Rosie what is a good example of a run-on sentence? - [Voiceover] We bought nails we bought a hammer. - [Voiceover] Yeah, so we can see that this sentence contains two individual, independent clauses. So we've got number one, we bought nails, number two, we bought a hammer. Now there are a couple of different ways we could make this a legal sentence, but right now as it stands this is a run-on, right? - [Voiceover] So there are a couple of ways we could fix this sentence. One way would be just to add a semicolon in there. So you've got two independent clauses. - [Voiceover] We bought nails, semicolon, we bought a hammer. - [Voiceover] Right. Another way you could do that would be to just add a comma and then the conjunction and, so you're connecting those two clauses. - [Voiceover] So this is a run-on sentence without this and, and this comma, and it's called that because it's sort of like a runaway train, you know, it doesn't have enough stoppage in it is how I would put it. So that's what a run-on sentence is, and now I wanna talk about comma splicing. And the word splice, not a super-common term if you are neither a sailor or a film editor. But splicing is a word that originally meant to take two ropes, untangle them, and weave them back together. It's a sailor's term related to rope lines. In our case for grammar, a splice, a comma splice is an inappropriate joining of two independent clauses by using a comma. So Rosie, this is Li'l Tony, Crime Fighting Pony. - [Voiceover] Right. - [Voiceover] So for example, in this sentence, I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets, it's my favorite movie in the Li'l Tony franchise, a very fine series of non-existent films. The problem with this sentence is that right now it's got this comma in the middle of it, and this comma inappropriately joins these two independent clauses. Oh, and this whole time I forgot to say two independent clauses inappropriately joined by a comma. So okay, so we've got independent clause number one, remember this thing could stand on its own as a sentence, I love the name of this movie. I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets. That could be its own sentence on its own, end it with a period, period. It's my favorite movie in the Li'l Tony franchise, period. But we have these two independent clauses, right? We cannot join them with just a comma. We could say I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets, comma, and it's my favorite movie in the Li'l Tony franchise or as we did in the previous example, we could also throw in a semicolon, which is I think what I would rather do. I love Li'l Tony 2: Pony Up 2 the Streets; semicolon, it's my favorite movie in the Li'l Tony franchise. And Rosie, you will notice that I have underlined these titles. - [Voiceover] Oh yes. - [Voiceover] Because these are the names of published works, even though we made them up. - [Voiceover] Right, exactly. - [Voiceover] But okay, but for real I would love to see like a Li'l Tony, Crime Fighting Pony series. - [Voiceover] Totally. - [Voiceover] So to review, when you're looking at a run-on, you're looking at two independent clauses that are together in one sentence, that are joined inappropriately without punctuation or conjunctions. So, we bought nails we bought a hammer. There's not really a place to know where the division between clauses is in that, and so the thing to do is either to add some kind of, is to add a comma and a conjunction, or to combine them using a semicolon. The same deal with a comma splice, it's just that a comma splice is a run-on that hasn't been fixed all the way. - [Voiceover] Right, the comma's being used but we need some bigger punctuation in place of the comma, something like a semicolon, in order to make a distinction between those two independent clauses. - [Voiceover] So that is how you identify and fix run-ons and comma splices. You can learn anything, David out. - [Voiceover] Rosie out.

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Run-ons and comma splices (video) | Khan Academy

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a word that describes a noun:

Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.

The "noun as adjective" always comes first

If you remember this, it will help you to understand what is being talked about:

a race horse is a horse that runs in races

a horse race is a race for horses

a boat race is a race for boats

a love story is a story about love

a war story is a story about war

a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis

tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis

a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers

a bicycle shop is a shop that sells bicycles

The "noun as adjective" is singular

Just like a real adjective, the "noun as adjective" is invariable. It is usually in the singular form.

In other words, if there is a plural it is on the real noun only.

A few nouns look plural but we usually treat them as singular (for example news, billiards, athletics). When we use these nouns "as adjectives" they are unchanged:

a news reporter, three news reporters

one billiards table, four billiards tables

an athletics trainer, fifty athletics trainers

Exceptions: When we use certain nouns "as adjectives" (clothes, sports, customs, accounts, arms), we use them in the plural form:

clothes shop, clothes shops

sports club, sports clubs

customs duty, customs duties

accounts department, accounts departments

arms production

How do we write the "noun as adjective"?

We write the "noun as adjective" and the real noun in several different ways:

two separate words (car door)

two hyphenated words (book-case)

one word (bathroom)

There are no easy rules for this. We even write some combinations in two or all three different ways: (head master, head-master, headmaster)

How do we say the "noun as adjective"?

For pronunciation, we usually stress the first word:

Can we have more than one "noun as adjective"?

Yes. Just like adjectives, we often use more than one "noun as adjective" together. Look at these examples:

car production costs: we are talking about the costs of producing cars

England football team coach: we are talking about the coach who trains the team that plays football for England

Note: in England football team coach can you see a "hidden" "noun as adjective"? Look at the word "football" (foot-ball). These two nouns (foot+ball) have developed into a single noun (football). This is one way that words evolve. Many word combinations that use a "noun as adjective" are regarded as nouns in their own right, with their own dictionary definition. But not all dictionaries agree with each other. For example, some dictionaries list "tennis ball" as a noun and other dictionaries do not.

government road accident research centre: we are talking about a centre that researches into accidents on the road for the government

Newspapers often use many nouns together in headlines to save space. Look at this example:

BIRD HEALTH RESEARCH CENTRE MURDER MYSTERY

To understand headlines like these, try reading them backwards. The above headline is about a MYSTERY concerning a MURDER in a CENTRE for RESEARCH into the HEALTH of BIRDS.

Note, too, that we can still use a real adjective to qualify a "noun as adjective" structure:

empty coffee jar

honest car salesman

delicious dog food

rising car production costs

famous England football team coach

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As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a word that describes a noun: Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.

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Relative clauses :
defining relative clauses : no comma

non defining relative clauses (commas)
no that

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Compound sentences are formed by putting together, or co-ordinating, two or more independent clauses

Simple semicolon and colon co-ordination
People travel to explore the world; they find themselves.
Some people smoke cigarettes; ohers chew their nails.

Mary Wollstonecraft never knew her daughter Mary Shelley : the mother died when her daughter was just few years old.

Short conjuntion co-ordination
(comma before the conjunction)
and
but
or
yet
and yet

Long conjunction co-ordination
moreover (and, even more)
furthemore (and, even more)
in addition (and, even more)
likewise (and in the same way
however (but,and yet)
nevertheless   (but,and yet)
on the other hand(but, instead)
at any rate (but, anyhow)
in any case   (but, any way)
otherwise (or, or else, if not)
alternatively  (or, in another way )

Compound sentences co-ordinated by one of the long conjunctions are usually punctuated as follows :
independent clause; conjunction, independent clause
Sylvia Plath considered herself mainly a poet; however, her only novel, The Bell Jar, was her most successful piece of writing

Correct punctuation  aids the reader; moreover, it reflects thought on the part of the writer

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Inversion with adverbs in the initial position

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Inversion with adverbs in the initial position

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(generally those with a negative meaning)

hardly
in vain
little
neither
never
never again
no longer
no sooner
nor
not for the moment
not only
not until
nowhere
on no account
rarely
scarcely

Not only has her diary been published, her letters are in print as well

Until is a special case, because it requires inversion not in the clause in which it appears, but in the subsequent clause :
Not until he had spoken for some time did I notice his accent

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as well
at all
at first
at last
by now
either
immediately
lately
once
recently
so far
too
yet

occasonally, pre-verb or final position adverbs can be found at the beginning of the sentence, set off by a comma for emphasis or variety
At last, she learned the truth
Usually, he is very punctual(but today he is not)

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(verb be is a special case)

adverbs of frequency (how often?

temporal adverbs (at which point?) :
already
finally
first
just
last
never again
not yet
once
only just
recently
soon

restrictive adverbs (to what degree?)
almost
barely
certainly
completely
entirely
generally
hardly
largely
nearly
partially
partly
probably
quite
rather
really
relatively
scarcely
simply
solely
surely
truly
wholly

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very
too
fairly
relatively
quite
extremely
excessively
overly

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from the most subjective to most objective
when 2 adjectives are more or less the degree of subjectivity/objectivity , the shorter of the two comes first :
a rude , inefficient secretary

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Normally : indirect-direct
-He gave his assistant a rise
-The success of his play brought him fame

Except : direct-to-indirect (when both are pronouns , for emphasis, when the indirect object is long, and with certain verbs . eg. explain)

He gave a rise to his assistant (and not to anyone else)

The success of his play brought fame to the author (not to the director, actors etc)
(emphasis)

the pattern with to is also used when the indirect object is quite long :
She gave the painting to the New York Museum of Modern Art

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Variations :
In Turin, the streets are set at right angles
At the beginning, she was an ingenuous girl

*He speaks English at home
At home, he speaks English

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© British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). ICP#: 10044692

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assignment : do all the activitiese related to FCE

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assignment : do all the activitiese related to FCE

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FCE Use of English exercises. Training in how to answer paper 1 grammar and vocabulary questions in the FCE (Cambridge English: First) exam

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The FCE Use of English section of the FCE exam including the Multiple Choice Cloze, Open Cloze, Word Formation and Key Word Transformation

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Comma splices and 4 easy ways to fix them

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Comma splices and 4 easy ways to fix them

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Writing in English - Comma Splices & 4 easy ways to fix them

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http://www.engvid.com/ Do you know what a comma splice is? Learn about one of the most common writing mistakes that students make and four easy ways to correct it. This free lesson will help you to become a better writer. You can also test yourself with the quiz at http://www.engvid.com/comma-splices/ !

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Home / Academics / Services / Writing Center / Writing Resources / Paragraph Unity, Coherence, and Development

In each paragraph of an essay, one particular idea or topic is developed and explained. In order to successfully do so, however, it is essential that the paragraph be written in a unified and coherent manner.

A unified paragraph must follow the idea mentioned in the topic sentence and must not deviate from it. For a further explanation on topic sentences, see the Write Right on Topic Sentences.

A coherent paragraph has sentences that all logically follow each other; they are not isolated thoughts. Coherence can be achieved in several ways. First, using transitions helps connect ideas from one sentence to the next. For more on transitions, see the Write Right on Transitions. Second, ordering thoughts in numerical sequence helps to direct the reader from one point to the next. Third, structuring each paragraph according to one of the following patterns helps to organize sentences: general to particular; particular to general; whole to parts; question to answer; or effect to cause.

Remember that a paragraph should have enough sentences so that the main idea of the topic sentence is completely developed. Generalizations should be supported with examples or illustrations. Also, details and descriptions help the reader to understand what you mean. Don't ever assume that the reader can read your mind: be specific enough to develop your ideas thoroughly, but avoid repetition

An effective paragraph might look like this:

It is commonly recognized that dogs have an extreme antagonism toward cats. This enmity between these two species can be traced back to the time of the early Egyptian dynasties. Archaeologists in recent years have discovered Egyptian texts in which there are detailed accounts of canines brutally mauling felines. Today this type of cruelty between these two domestic pets can be witnessed in regions as close as your own neighborhood. For example, when dogs are walked by their masters (and they happen to catch sight of a stray cat), they will pull with all their strength on their leash until the master is forced to yield; the typical result is that a feline is chased up a tree. The hatred between dogs and cats has lasted for many centuries, so it is unlikely that this conflict will ever end.

This paragraph is effective for the following reasons:

1. The paragraph shows unity. All the sentences effectively relate back to the topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph.

2. The paragraph shows coherence. There is a flow of thoughts and ideas among the sentences in this paragraph. There are good transitions employed in the paragraph. The writer also presents her sub-topics in an orderly fashion that the reader can follow easily.

3. The paragraph is developed. The writer gives herself enough space to develop the topic. She gives us at least two reasons to accept her argument and incorporates some examples in order to give those reasons more validity.

Copyright © 2009 Wheaton College Writing Center

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Paragraph Unity, Coherence, and Development

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Home / Academics / Services / Writing Center / Writing Resources / Paragraph Unity, Coherence, and Development In each paragraph of an essay, one particular idea or topic is developed and explained. In order to successfully do so, however, it is essential that the paragraph be written in a unified and coherent manner.

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Subordinating conjunctions, always useful to show off your larguage.