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BABE RUTH'S (1932 WS) CALLED HOME RUN SHOT' RARE VIDEO & COMMENTARY

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Contents

1. Founding of the Ku Klux Klan

2. Ku Klux Klan Violence in the South

3. The Ku Klux Klan and the End of Reconstruction

4. Revival of the Ku Klux Klan

Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal-the reestablishment of white supremacy-fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South in the 1870s. After a period of decline, white Protestant nativist groups revived the Klan in the early 20th century, burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches denouncing immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks and organized labor. The civil rights movement of the 1960s also saw a surge of Ku Klux Klan activity, including bombings of black schools and churches and violence against black and white activists in the South.

Founding of the Ku Klux Klan

A group including many former Confederate veterans founded the first branch of the Ku Klux Klan as a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866. The first two words of the organization's name supposedly derived from the Greek word "kyklos," meaning circle. In the summer of 1867, local branches of the Klan met in a general organizing convention and established what they called an "Invisible Empire of the South." Leading Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest was chosen as the first leader, or "grand wizard," of the Klan; he presided over a hierarchy of grand dragons, grand titans and grand cyclopses.

The organization of the Ku Klux Klan coincided with the beginning of the second phase of post- Civil War Reconstruction, put into place by the more radical members of the Republican Party in Congress. After rejecting President Andrew Johnson's relatively lenient Reconstruction policies, in place from 1865 to 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act over the presidential veto. Under its provisions, the South was divided into five military districts, and each state was required to approve the 14th Amendment, which granted "equal protection" of the Constitution to former slaves and enacted universal male suffrage.

Ku Klux Klan Violence in the South

From 1867 onward, African-American participation in public life in the South became one of the most radical aspects of Reconstruction, as blacks won election to southern state governments and even to the U.S. Congress. For its part, the Ku Klux Klan dedicated itself to an underground campaign of violence against Republican leaders and voters (both black and white) in an effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South. They were joined in this struggle by similar organizations such as the Knights of the White Camelia (launched in Louisiana in 1867) and the White Brotherhood. At least 10 percent of the black legislators elected during the 1867-1868 constitutional conventions became victims of violence during Reconstruction, including seven who were killed. White Republicans (derided as "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags") and black institutions such as schools and churches-symbols of black autonomy-were also targets for Klan attacks.

By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan had branches in nearly every southern state. Even at its height, the Klan did not boast a well-organized structure or clear leadership. Local Klan members-often wearing masks and dressed in the organization's signature long white robes and hoods-usually carried out their attacks at night, acting on their own but in support of the common goals of defeating Radical Reconstruction and restoring white supremacy in the South. Klan activity flourished particularly in the regions of the South where blacks were a minority or a small majority of the population, and was relatively limited in others. Among the most notorious zones of Klan activity was South Carolina, where in January 1871 500 masked men attacked the Union county jail and lynched eight black prisoners.

The Ku Klux Klan and the End of Reconstruction

Though Democratic leaders would later attribute Ku Klux Klan violence to poorer southern whites, the organization's membership crossed class lines, from small farmers and laborers to planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians and ministers. In the regions where most Klan activity took place, local law enforcement officials either belonged to the Klan or declined to take action against it, and even those who arrested accused Klansmen found it difficult to find witnesses willing to testify against them. Other leading white citizens in the South declined to speak out against the group's actions, giving them tacit approval. After 1870, Republican state governments in the South turned to Congress for help, resulting in the passage of three Enforcement Acts, the strongest of which was the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871.

For the first time, the Ku Klux Klan Act designated certain crimes committed by individuals as federal offenses, including conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to hold office, serve on juries and enjoy the equal protection of the law. The act authorized the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and arrest accused individuals without charge, and to send federal forces to suppress Klan violence. This expansion of federal authority-which Ulysses S. Grant promptly used in 1871 to crush Klan activity in South Carolina and other areas of the South-outraged Democrats and even alarmed many Republicans. From the early 1870s onward, white supremacy gradually reasserted its hold on the South as support for Reconstruction waned; by the end of 1876, the entire South was under Democratic control once again.

Revival of the Ku Klux Klan

In 1915, white Protestant nativists organized a revival of the Ku Klux Klan near Atlanta, Georgia, inspired by their romantic view of the Old South as well as Thomas Dixon's 1905 book "The Clansman" and D.W. Griffith's 1915 film "Birth of a Nation." This second generation of the Klan was not only anti-black but also took a stand against Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor. It was fueled by growing hostility to the surge in immigration that America experienced in the early 20th century along with fears of communist revolution akin to the Bolshevik triumph in Russia in 1917. The organization took as its symbol a burning cross and held rallies, parades and marches around the country. At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide.
READ MORE: How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan
The Great Depression in the 1930s depleted the Klan's membership ranks, and the organization temporarily disbanded in 1944. The civil rights movement of the 1960s saw a surge of local Klan activity across the South, including the bombings, beatings and shootings of black and white activists. These actions, carried out in secret but apparently the work of local Klansmen, outraged the nation and helped win support for the civil rights cause. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson delivered a speech publicly condemning the Klan and announcing the arrest of four Klansmen in connection with the murder of a white female civil rights worker in Alabama. The cases of Klan-related violence became more isolated in the decades to come, though fragmented groups became aligned with neo-Nazi or other right-wing extremist organizations from the 1970s onward. In the early 1990s, the Klan was estimated to have between 6,000 and 10,000 active members, mostly in the Deep South.
See America's First Memorial to its 4,400 Lynching Victims

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Founding of the Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan Violence in the South The Ku Klux Klan and the End of Reconstruction Revival of the Ku Klux Klan Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks.

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"The continued growth of chain stores indicated by steady advertisements in average sales per store-many carry higher-prices goods and natural swell in the total of sales."

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"The continued growth of chain stores indicated by steady advertisements in average sales per store-many carry higher-prices goods and natural swell in the total of sales."

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-Chain Store Systems Show Remarkable Growth

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"The manufacturer who has somethings to sell to a man appeals to what he should appeal to-he appeals to the man's love of comfort, to his interest in health and personal safety, to his appetites, to his love of novelty, to his acquisitive instincts; he does not appeal to his reason, his prejudices, his judgement, his moral sense.

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"The manufacturer who has somethings to sell to a man appeals to what he should appeal to-he appeals to the man's love of comfort, to his interest in health and personal safety, to his appetites, to his love of novelty, to his acquisitive instincts; he does not appeal to his reason, his prejudices, his judgement, his moral sense.

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-Things Are In The Saddle

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"Even now with The Great Gatsby before me, I cannot find in the earlier Fitzgerald the artistic integrity and the passionate feeling in which this book posses."

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"Even now with The Great Gatsby before me, I cannot find in the earlier Fitzgerald the artistic integrity and the passionate feeling in which this book posses."

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-Spring Flight

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"The war ended modern painting, as the late frost of 1921 ended the fruit trees, and the poetry Miss Stein wrote while driving motors on war service in southern France shows the blight. It read some of it, too much like 'free association,' but the end is not yet. Her prose seems to be unhurt."

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"The war ended modern painting, as the late frost of 1921 ended the fruit trees, and the poetry Miss Stein wrote while driving motors on war service in southern France shows the blight. It read some of it, too much like 'free association,' but the end is not yet. Her prose seems to be unhurt."

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-"A Clue to the Beauty of Miss Gertrude Stein's Prose"

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"All the officers here know we are making this hunger strike that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners; we have told them. God knows we don’t want other women ever to have to do this over again."

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"All the officers here know we are making this hunger strike that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners; we have told them. God knows we don’t want other women ever to have to do this over again."

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- Doris Stevens,Jailed for Freedom (Salem, NH: Ayer Co., 1920; reprint 1990): 246–7

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"They were patting their feet and singing and a man standing nearby
asked, 'Uncle, where are you going?' The
old man replied, 'Well son, I’m going to
the promised land.'"

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"They were patting their feet and singing and a man standing nearby
asked, 'Uncle, where are you going?' The
old man replied, 'Well son, I’m going to
the promised land.'"

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-"NEGRO MIGRATION DURING THE WAR" by Emmett J. Stone

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"He is about 40 years old and has been following baseball for thirty-five, according to his own admission. He was far from modest and as soon as the game was over rushed to the dressing room to let the Babe know who had the ball."

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"He is about 40 years old and has been following baseball for thirty-five, according to his own admission. He was far from modest and as soon as the game was over rushed to the dressing room to let the Babe know who had the ball."

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-The New York Times "Ruth Crashes 60th to Set New Record"

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" No American travels abroad without blushing for shame for his country on this subject. And whatever the excuse that passes current in the United States, it avails nothing abroad. With all the powers of government in control; with all laws made by white men, administered by white judges, jurors, prosecuting attorneys, and sheriffs; with every office of the executive department filled by white men—no excuse can be offered for exchanging the orderly administration of justice for barbarous lynchings and 'unwritten laws.'"

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" No American travels abroad without blushing for shame for his country on this subject. And whatever the excuse that passes current in the United States, it avails nothing abroad. With all the powers of government in control; with all laws made by white men, administered by white judges, jurors, prosecuting attorneys, and sheriffs; with every office of the executive department filled by white men—no excuse can be offered for exchanging the orderly administration of justice for barbarous lynchings and 'unwritten laws.'"

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-excerpt from Ida B. Wells-Barnett's article "Lynch Law in America", who was part of the NAACP

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"Religion is not hostile to learning, Christianity has been the greatest patron learning has ever had. But Christians know that "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom" now just as it has been in the past, and they therefore oppose the teaching of guesses that encourage godlessness among the students."

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"Religion is not hostile to learning, Christianity has been the greatest patron learning has ever had. But Christians know that "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom" now just as it has been in the past, and they therefore oppose the teaching of guesses that encourage godlessness among the students."

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-William Jennings Bryn from The Scopes Trial, who opposed evolution

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"Henry Ford did not invent the automobile; but he made it a success as no other man in the world has done. Incidentally he has made money by the hundred million;but only incidentally. The money can mean little to him—there is too much of it and his ideas of how to spend it are too elementary. But he has his fun all the same. And because of it, we have ours."

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"Henry Ford did not invent the automobile; but he made it a success as no other man in the world has done. Incidentally he has made money by the hundred million;but only incidentally. The money can mean little to him—there is too much of it and his ideas of how to spend it are too elementary. But he has his fun all the same. And because of it, we have ours."

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-The Nation: "Strut,Miss Lizzie!" The Nation,December 14,1927,672.

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"But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers. And it is eminently fitting and proper that so many Members of this House with names as Irish as Paddy's pig, are taking the floor these days to attack once more as their kind has attacked for seven bloody centuries the fearful fallacy of chosen peoples and inferior peoples. The fearful fallacy is that one is made to rule and the other to be abominated.…"

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"But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers. And it is eminently fitting and proper that so many Members of this House with names as Irish as Paddy's pig, are taking the floor these days to attack once more as their kind has attacked for seven bloody centuries the fearful fallacy of chosen peoples and inferior peoples. The fearful fallacy is that one is made to rule and the other to be abominated.…"

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-Robert H. Clancy who opposed the Johnson-Reed Act as "un-American" because it discriminated against the foreign born.

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“We return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make way for democracy! We saved it in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reason why.”

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“We return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make way for democracy! We saved it in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reason why.”

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-When Harlem Was in Vogue

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Poets and writers were vary diverse in styles of writing. Poetry greatly impacted literature, especially in the 1920s. Gertrude Stein was an important poet that mentored many great poets like Ernest Hemmingway. She mostly wrote poetry, but did play writing and writing as well.

Pictured: Poet Gertrude Stein

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Spectator sports could now be heard or seen thanks to radios and motion picture. Sports became so popular as another recreational activity for Americans. Baseball was the most popular, as baseball player, Babe Ruth became a national hero. He became famous for hitting over hundreds of home runs. People saw him as a celebrity, bot just a baseball player.

Pictured: Basball star Babe Ruth

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European Art movements influence an art movement in America. The most important thing about the art movement is the art style of the many artist was so diverse. Georgia O' Keefe painted pictures of landscape and flowers, rather than traditional paintings of religious figures and historical figures.

Pictured: Artist Georgia O'Keefe

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Many American writers wrote about their distaste with America & their involvement in WWI. This included writing a character that was a antihero, but also showed hero like characteristics. This is how writer F. Scott Fitzegerald wrote, his most famous piece of work being The Great Gatsby which criticized American society and post-war attitudes.

Pictured: Writer F. Scott Fitzegerald

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Motion picture drew Americans in. Once sound was introduced to mass media, which includes the radio, the movies, the radio, and the newspaper, more people went to see movies and buy radios. They provided a new form of entertainment for people. Movies and radios helped unify the nation as everyone wanted to be entertained by the mass media.

A group of people waiting to see a movie at a theater

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EQ3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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EQ3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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Glencoe. "Online Student Edition." Online Student Edition. Glencoe, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015."

The 1920s." SIRS Decade. SIRS Decade, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.

"1920s." Gale U.S History in Context. Gale U.S History in Context, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

Clancy, Robert H. Speech. Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1924, vol. 65, 5929–5932.

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In the art field of this renaissance, many important writers appeared. Claude McKay was the first of many who wrote about his bitter hatred and defiance, two important characteristics of Harlem writers, of racism in his collection of poetry called the Harlem Shadows. Langston Hughes was another prominent and leading voice of the writers of Harlem. Zora Neale Hurston was the first to write about stories featuring African American women. People got to hear the other side on how African American felt through writing.

A picture of Zora Neale Hurston

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African Americans moved from rural America to the growing industrial cities in the North to find jobs. They escaped racial segregation in the south to build better lives and seek economic wealth. While the North still has some discrimination and segregation. African Americans brought an economical increase to the industries, providing spots for open jobs.

A family living in rural America, leaving their home during the Great Migration

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Louis Armstrong introduced a new improvising music style called jazz which caught on very quickly as many enjoyed it. Bessie Smith was a African American woman who say a new style of song called the blues, which gave insight to oppression of African Americans. Both styles of music were introduced on stage in musicals. While this gave fame to African Americans, it also influenced African Americans leading in the political world.

A group of jazz performers

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The NAACP continuously battled to end discrimination and segregation against African Americans. They worked through the court system to get others to support the cause. While their efforts were never made bills, but helped reduce the number of lynchings of African Americans greatly. Despite never being nominated in the 1920s, the effort influenced future generations for African Americans to run for office.

Those who were in the NAACP

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In the neighborhood of Harlem, African Americans developed artistic customs, racial pride, and political organizations known as The Harlem Renaissance. African Americans had an influence on the government through the NAACP or through writing, influenced societal views.

The neighborhood of Harlem

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence society in the 1920s?

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence society in the 1920s?

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Ford’s Model T introduced the assembly line to industrial America where one person had one job during manufacturing, making the job easier and leaving an increase in supply. The Model T was one of the first automobiles, and showed that many demanded the Model T for its affordable price. The production of competitor automobile companies sparked an increase in the multiple industries in need to supply the automobiles, increasing the economy and industry income in the 1920s.

The Model T in the 1920s

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The radio industry served as a source of entertainment or informative to the American public. Americans could now receive information right from their home, making life simpler and more efficient in the 1920s.

Children listening to the radio

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By increasing a worker’s income and shortening work days, unions decreased and workers wished to remain loyal to their company. In increasing the disposable income. many people had extra money where they could buy goods that they wanted. New technological advances lead to consumers buying them, making their lives in the 1920s much more easier and efficient.

Some inventions or consumer goods

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Mass advertising was pleasing to the American public, drawing them into buy the certain product or service. By more people buying goods, the industries would have an increase in income. leading to an economical growth in the United States in the 1920s.

A Coca-Cola ad in the 20s

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Mass production was large-scaled manufacturing done with machinery that increased supply and reduced cost. This would cause people to buy more as the prices are so cheap, increasing the economy in the 1920s.

A mass production of airplanes

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EQ2: How did new industries and consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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EQ2: How did new industries and consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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Traditional ideals were challenged yet again in the Scopes Trial when John T. Scopes taught evolution instead of religion. Many people believe in Fundamentalism or a Christianity movement. The teaching of evolution complete went against the traditional views of America, which the majority were christian.

Scopes during his court trial

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The Sacco-Vanzetti showed how America was against immigrants coming into the country. Two men had robbed and murder two employees at a shoe factory. Police arrested two Italian immigrants who had different ideals than Americans such as they didn’t believe in any form of government. They were sentenced to death, despite it being questionable if they really committed the crime. This “new mortality” was taking over the nation with immigrants being unrestricted in America.

Both men pictured

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These new ideas influenced people to think different from traditional ideas, many being women. When women gained the right to vote, they believed that they could do what they want and so their attitude changed towards traditional gender roles. Women would now work more often, attend college, and even not engage in marriage, which many men found threatening as they felt women didn’t know their place.

A woman in the 1920s

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The Ku Klux Klan returned yet again as their opposition towards immigrants and African Americans grew, the klan growing bigger in recruitments. Anyone “un-American” was targeted as they felt that the American tradition was threatened and would be changed forever by an increasing amount of these “non-American” people. They’d hang anyone who threatened their way of life, the people that seemed inferior to them. These were based on personal opinions and religious beliefs of white American who did not like “foreigners” invading their country. They believed in nativism, or that one’s native country must be protected from immigrants. While immigration was encourage, the clan felt their nativisim was being threatened by immigrants.

The clan marches through the nation's captiol

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EQ1:  Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality was under attack

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EQ1:  Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality was under attack