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When one or more parts of the eye or brain that are needed to process images become diseased or damaged, severe or total loss of vision can occur. In these cases, vision can't be fully restored with medical treatment, surgery, or corrective lenses like glasses or contacts" (Salvin, 2016).

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constant eye rubbing or chronic eye redness

extreme light sensitivity

squinting, closing one eye, or misaligned eyes

poor focusing or trouble following objects

inability to see objects at a distance

inability to read a whiteboard or blackboard, etc., or trouble reading

(Savin, 2018)

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Using the common symptom list stated; an ophthalmologist or optometrist would do an eye exam to determine visual acuity.

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Where Do Students with Visual Impairments Learn?

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Where Do Students with Visual Impairments Learn?

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Typically, they can be taught in a standard classroom with braille, audiotape, verbal descriptions of visual aids, and other tactile models of graphic materials. However, some students feel more comfortable in the Special Education classrooms with similar accommodations (University of Washington).

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seating to help see teacher or boards, overhead displays, etc.

glasses, magnifiers, or use extra lighting

voice-activated computers or other assistive technology

someone to assist in taking notes

extra time to get to classes or complete assigned work

go to the school nurse for medication or assistance with visual concerns

miss class time to see doctors

(Gavin, M.L, 2018)

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use nonverbal behaviors to indicate interest and to communicate more effectively.

respect the personal space of others.

make contact according to cultural norms.

turn face to the speaker and maintain social interaction.

discuss facial expressions (ex. smiling, frowning, etc.) as feelings that occur throughout the day. Help students understand that their facial expressions convey to others how they feel.

use an appropriate tone of voice.

(Willings, 2019)

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The American Academy of Ophthalmology
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/low-vision-resources
This site has a vast amount of audio resources, large prints, and technologies.

The World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment also has loads of information on visual impairments including fact sheets and strategies to address impairments!

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While Teaching the Visually Impaired as great information for teachers, it is great for parents as well, https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/social-interactions.html

Great information on social interactions and how to help their child develop!

Project Ideal: http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/visual-impairments/

This site has various links to information on numerous foundations for the visually impaired, to help educate!

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KidsHealth.Org/TeensHealth.Org: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/visual-impairment.html

This resource is great to help guide teachers on accommodations and what to look for in suspected visual impairments. There are multiple articles on this site that are incredibly helpful!

Teaching Visually Impaired Students:
https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/social-interactions.html

This site goes into more depth about how to teach and identify students that are visually impaired as well.

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Bhargava, D. (n.d.). Identify a Student With Vision Impairment | Sites.Trinity.Edu. Trinity University. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://sites.trinity.edu/sensoryimpariment/vision-impairment/definitions-identification-and-professionals/identify-student

Gavin, M. L. (2018, May 18). Visual Impairments Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth. KidsHealth.Org. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vision-factsheet.html

Salvin, J. H. (2016, September 1). Visual Impairment (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth. KidsHealth.Com. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/visual-impairment.html

University of Washington. (n.d.). What are Typical Accommodations for Students with Blindness? | DO-IT. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from https://www.washington.edu/doit/what-are-typical-accommodations-students-blindness

Willings, C. (2019, June 9). Social Interaction Skills for Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired. Teaching Students with Visual Impairments. https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/social-interactions.html