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*  Aniq Akmal Bin Che Ros ( 4141193013 )

*  Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen

Based on that video , It done with supine way that the patient need to lay down on the x-ray table . Both of their arms need to get up until head to ensure no rotation on pelvis and shoulder . The image show that dorsal decubitus abdomen projection is good to show air fluid levels and we also can see the lateral spine of the patient . Because of horizontal and can be taken in either the patient position rotated to right or left in Lateral Position (Right or Left) .

The anterior side show abdominal wall muscles .

The posterior side show vertebral column and posterior wall muscles .

The lateral side show lower ribs and part of muscles of abdominal wall .

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Amirul Raziq Bin Hairulnizam (4141193012)

Projection : Lateral Decubitus Abdomen

Based on the video, it shows left lateral decubitus abdomen projection with AP position. First thing that we should do is centre the tube to horizontal and perpendicular to IR. Patient position is lateral recumbent which is patient back lies against erect bucky. No rotation to hip and shoulder to avoid superimposed. Then, we will elevated the patient with decubitus sponge to centre mid sagittal plane. The IR should placed lengthwise. The central ray for this projection is at iliac crest. Then, minimize the object to IR to decrease magnification. Maintain the SID at 40 inches to reduce patient exposure. Last thing we should do is put the right marker on elevated side.

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ASHVEENI MURUGAYA [4141193014]
( DORSAL DECUBITUS ABDOMEN )

Based on the 2nd video that I have learned, dorsal decubitus projection is a supplementary projection often replacing the lateral decubitus in the context of the patient who is unable to roll nor stand. This projection is used for show air fluid level.

For part positioning and central ray, patient in supine and put their arms above the head. Then adjust patient and cart so that centre of IR and CR is 2 inches (5cm)  above level of iliac crest  to include the diaphragm.  Ensure that no rotation of pelvis or shoulders exist and adjust the height of IR to align midcoronal plane with centreline of IR. For the central ray, the radiographer applies horizontal beam to centre of IR 2 inches and 5cm above iliac crest and to midcoronal plane with minimum SID of 40 inches (100cm).

For collimation and respiration, i learned good technique from the radiographer which are collimate upper and lower abdomen the soft tissue borders. Then the radiographer also explained that close collimation is important because of increased scatter from higher kV and need for soft tissue visibility. Then instruct the patient to breath in and out then hold to shoot for a clear region x-ray. These are the information that I received and learned from the video.

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*Lateral decubitus abdomen projection*
*siti noor balqis bt ahmad* *4141193024*

Based on the video, patient with left lateral decubitus projection is in AP (anteroposterior) position with both knees bent up and patient’s hands should be raised to avoid superimposing on the region of interest. Ensure no rotation of hips and shoulder. The tube is perpendicular to receptor. The patient elevated by decubitus sponge to centre with the receptor. Image reseptor used in lengthwise. The centering point for lateral decubitus is midsagittal plane at the level of the iliac crest. The collimation is superior to the diafragm. Minimize object to receptor distance can decrease the magnification and minimum the SID of 40 inches (100cm) to reduce patient’s exposure while the marker placed in arrow or other appropriate marker to indicate “up side” such as left lateral would place right marker on the elevated side of the right patient. I have learned that this projection is ideal for displaying free air in the abdomen and suitable for the patient who unable to lie supine.

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MUHAMMAD ROZAIRI BIN ROSMAN
4141193016
DORSAL DECUBITUS ABDOMEN

Based on what I had study in the video and note,it say that Dorsal DECUBITUS Abdomen projection is used when patient are unable to stand to do erect projection like lateral abdomen or AP Abdomen projection due to inability to stand properly.

As the patient come to the radigraphic room, we should position the patient supining on the table with the patient side against erect bucky, put pillow under head, arm beside the head to ensure that the arm doesn't get into the projection image, and we should immobilize the patient leg to make sure no rotation on the pelvis and make the patient more comfortable.

After the positioning, adjust IR to align MCP to centre of line, central ray should be horizontal and the mid point should be 5 cm above illus crest(based on notes) or 2 cm above illus crest (based on video)  ,collimate to upper and lower abdomen soft tissue border, use marker to indicate the side that closer to IR.Lastly,give the instructions "breath in, out, hold" to the patient and take the image.The collimation should be close to prevent increases of scatter radiation.

The result of the image should include the image of diaphragm, as much lower of abdomen, air filled loop of bowel, soft tissue in anterior abdomen and prevertebral region.There should be superimposition of posterior ribs and posterior Iliac wing and bilateral ASIS. As for the exposure of the image, the ribs and gas bubble margins must appear sharp, lumbar spine may appear 50% under exposed, soft tissue detail visible in anterior abdomen and prevertebral region of lower lumbar.

The indication for this projection usually to find the accumulation of air fluid or gas level, calcification of aorta and other vessel and  aneurysm.

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- NUR IZZATI BT CHE NOORDIN

- 4141193023

- DORSAL DECUBITUS ABDOMEN

Dorsal Decubitus are used when the patients unable to stand up to doing upright abdomen projection or Lateral Decubitus.This projections can shown diafragm,air filled loops of bowel, soft tissue details in anterior and prevertebral abdomen regions.

For decubitus,its include patient positioning and direction of Central Ray.

For patient positioning,Patient are supining side agains erect bucky and their arms beside head to ensure no rotation on pelvis and shoulder.To give a comfortable to patients,the radiographer need to apply support under knees.

For direction of central ray,the radiographer use a horizontal beam and centered at the level of iliac crest in 2cm above or 5cm above iliac crest on MCP.

The IR good in crosswise position to get the lenght of abdomen and dont forget to put the anatomical marker according to the patient’s position.

For collimation,this radiographer is shown the good technique which are include upper and lower abdomen border.when the collimation is small,it will increase scatter radiation .

Ask the patient to breath in and out then hold to radiographer’ take a shoot is a good  technique to showing the air fluid level,lumbar spine may appear underexposed and soft tissue can be visible in anterior and prevertebral region of abdomen.

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen :
NurDiana Najwa Binti Mohd Isa
4141193018

Based on the video given, i have learned that dorsal decubitus abdomen projection is use to show air fluid level of the abdomen and it also good for imaging the pre vertical space.This projection used for the patient who are not able to stand up or sit.The central ray is placed horizontally hitting the coronal plane of the abdomen and the centering point at 2 inches above the iliac crest.The image receptor should be placed in crosswise to get the length of the abdomen.I also learned when the left side of the patient touching the image receptor,the marker should be the left marker and x-ray tube should be placed at the right side of the patient. I learned the patient need to lay on their back supinely, patient's arms up beside the head and immobilization device under knees for comfort. X-ray is taken after breathing in, out and shoot when the patient hold their breath after expiration.

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen Projection : Nurjuliana Binti Zulkefli 4141193019

Based on the video , I have learn that this projection is to show air fluid level of the abdomen and the projection is also for patient that not able to stand or sit . The radiographer is position the patient lying on the back , arms up beside head and not place the immobilization device under the knees for comfort . I Also learn that we need to place the image receptor in crosswise to get the length of the abdomen . The central ray is horizontal perpendicular to the image receptor and the center point is 2 inch above the iliac crest . Makesure Place the anatomical marker correctly and collimate the beam to reduce radiation to the patient and makesure the soft tissue detail is visible.
After that radiographer must expose at the end of the respiration

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen Projection :
Rutrah Ganesan
4141193020
Based on the video that i have see, i have learned how to do the dorsal decubitus abdomen projection.Not only i learned how to do the abdomen projection but i also learned the reason of the this projection. The radiographer prefer to do this projection because we need see the air fluid level. This projection also do for the patient not able to do stand up or upright or left lateral decubitus.This video teach me the position of the dorsal decubitus abdomen. The central ray of this projection which is coronal plane and the center point is 2 inch above the iliac crest of the patient. The image receptor (IR) is need to crosswise to get the length abdomen.The same respiration phase as other abdomen x-ray like breathe in,breathe out and hold

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Lateral Decubitus Projection
Wan Farhana Arissa Binti Wan Rosmadey
4141193022

Based on the video given, I learned that the tube is centered horizontally and perpendicularly to the image receptor. No rotation should be involved. Hips and shoulders are superimposed. I also learned that the patient will be elevated on a decubitus sponge to center the midsagittal plane to the image receptor. The image receptor is lengthwise and centered at the iliac crest and the radiographer minimize object to image receptor distance to decrease magnification by maintaining a 100cm SID to reduce patient exposure. The central ray will be perpendicular entering the midsagittal plane 5cm above iliac crest. Right marker is used on the elevated side which is the right side of the patient. Exposure is made at the end of exhalation. Lateral decubitus is used to rule out abdominal masses, air fluid levels and accumulations of intraperitoneal air.
I have also learned that the patient should be on side at minimum 5 minutes to allow air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate. Its is also known that left lateral decubitus is best to demonstrate intraperitoneal air in area of liver, in right upper abdominal away from gastric bubble.

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen :
Nurul Amirah Anastasia Binti Arifin 4141193025

Based on the video, Dorsal decubitus abdomen projection is good to show air fluid levels and we can also see the lateral spine of the patient. This projection can be use for the patients who are not able to stand up or lie on their side for example when doing the left lateral decubitis projection. For this projection, patient need to lay on their back, supinely. If the left side of the patient is touching the image receptor (IR), then the x-ray tube should be placed at the right side of the patient, and the marking should be the left marker, and vise versa. The IR should be placed in crosswise because we want to get the length of the abdomen. The central ray is placed horizontally hitting the coronal plane of the abdomen and the centering point is two inches above the iliac crest.  Patient's hands should be raised to avoid superimposing on the region of the interest and x-ray is taken after breathing in, out and shoot as the patient hold their breath after expiration.

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Lateral Decubitus Abdomen Projection
Hemapriya Veerakumar 4141192001
The 2nd video showed the Left Lateral Decubitus Abdomen Projection with patient AP position. Centre the tube so its horizontal and perpendicular to IR. The patient at left lateral recumbent. No rotation of hip and shoulder to avoid superimpose. Patient will be elevated on decubitus sponge to centre of mid-sagittal plane to IR. The IR is placed lengthwise. Centre at the iliac crest and minimize object to IR distance to decrease magnification.  Maintain SID at 40 inches (100cm) to reduce patient exposure. Since it is Left Lateral Decubitus Projection the Right marker should be placed on elevated side just at the right side of patient.

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DORSAL DECUBITUS POSITION : NURUL HAZIQAH BINTI MOHD SAID (4141193017)

Based on the video given, i have learned that dorsal positioning is use to show the air-fluid level of the patient's and is also good at imaging the pre vertical space. This positioning is used when the patient cannot stand or sit . Not only that I also learned that the central ray of this positioning which is hit on the coronal plane and center 2 inches above the iliac crest meanwhile the image receptor (IR) in crosswise. For this positioning it has the same respiration phase as others abdomen x-ray where the application breathe in, breathe out, breathe in, breathe out and hold.

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen Projection : Mohamed Daniel Bin Abd Manaf.    4141193015

I have see the dorsal decubitus abdomen.Based on this video,i have see that the radiographer have explain how to do the dorsal decubitus projection.The projection is not able to stand up or left lateral or upright abdomen.The dorsal decubitus is lying on the back.The central ray is on the coronal plane  which is at 2 inche above the illiac crest. The cassette is crosswise because to get the length of the abdomen.

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Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen Projection : Siti Nurhaziqah Binti Jasni   4141193021                                                                                                Based on the video , this projection is for showing the air fluid level and for the patient that not be able to do upright or stand or left lateral decubitus . The central ray is in horizontal beam and hitting the coronal plane on the patient and the centering point is 2 inch above iliac crest . The image receptor is in crosswise to get the length of abdomen .

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Dorsal decubitus projection ( I ASSUME THIS ONE HAS BEEN REPLACED)
Wan Farhana Arissa Binti Wan Rosmadey
4141193022

Position:
1. Patient lie supine on x-ray table.
2. Position the patient against the erect bucky on the left side.
3. Put immobilization device under the knees.
4. Patient's arm is raise above the head.
5. Central ray is 5cm above iliac crest and
at coronal plane.
6. Collimate to upper and lower abdomen soft tissue borders.
7. Place marker and apply gonad shielding.

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Please comment based on the video attached  (5 marks). Please write for example: Full name ( name of the projection), just before your comment ya, tq

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Hi students