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A series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims.

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A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

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He (1452-1516) and she (1451-1504) were the king of Aragon and the Queen of Castile. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista.

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During the 1400s the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain.

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(1042-1099) He was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church at the time the Seljuk Turks were threatening the Byzantine empire. He convened with the Council of Clermont, where he launched the First Crusade to win the Holy Land from the Muslims.

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Jerusalem and other places where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached.

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A salaried worker employed by a guild master.

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A young person learning a trade from a master.

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In the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests.

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A group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans, whose rank was between nobles and peasants.

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Someone would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord's land.

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A group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for any individual trader.

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Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise.

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In the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town.

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A split or divide.

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The practice of lending money at interest.

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Prejudice against Jews.

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The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054.

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Holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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(1181-1226) He gave up his wealth to "walk in the footsteps" of Jesus. The first Franciscan friars were his followers, and together they lived a life of service to the poor and the sick.

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A medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor.

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In the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom.

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Exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law.

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Body of laws of a church.

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The claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers.

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Having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious.

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Rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work and study.

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Sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church.

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In medieval Europe, a peasant bound to a lord's land.

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During the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.

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(1122-1204) was an heiress to the dukedom of Acquitaine. At age 15, she married the French royal heir, Louis VI, and became queen of France.

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Also called manorial system; economic system during the Middle Ages in Europe that was built around large estates called manors, which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.

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A wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe.

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Code of conduct for knights in the Middle Ages.

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A mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills.

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A European noble who served as a mounted warrior.

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In medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to vassal in exchange for service and loyalty.

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exchange of pledges between lords and vassals.

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in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord.

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Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord.

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Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s.

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An ethnic group centered in present-day Hungary.

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(747-814) Also known as "Charles the Great". He was king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans, began as a warrior-king seeking to conquer territory and distribute plunder in the Frankish tradition.

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battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated the Muslim empire and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe.

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(688-741) Served as a mayor of the palace (the person who ruled in the name of the king) for the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 until 741.

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A Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s.

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referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between the ancient and modern times.

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(466-511) He is known as the political and religious founder of the kingdom of the Franks. He ruled much of Gaul from the late fifth century until 511.

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(497-548) Wife of the emperor of Justinian and was his most trusted advisor. Known for her powerful intelligence and shrewd political insight, she exerted decisive influence in Byzantine political affairs.

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Ruler who has complete authority

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Collection of Roman laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the Catholic Church and medieval monarchs.

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(483-565) Born of peasant stock and adopted by his uncle Justin (emperor from 518). As the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565, he continued war with Persia and sought to win back former Roman provinces from Barbarian invaders. After riots and a major fire in 532, he rebuilt much of Constantinople in glorious style.

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The capital of the eastern Roman empire; capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, now called Istanbul.