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Vocabulary :

Coyness : coyauté / Vaster = Faster / Winged : ailé / Yonder : là-bas / Slow-chapt = au ralenti / Hue = couleur teinte / Strife = conflit. / Humber : an estuary.

This poem was written in 1650.

This is a carpe diem motive (seize the day) with vanitas,
brevity of life, transience (something which does not last). The fact that life is short, the
mistress should not be coy (shy). We can illustrate this poem with The Knight’s Dream (1650-
1670), which is a painting of Antonio de Pereda. The skull on the book represent death.
This motive is from shakespeare poems and it was revisited in the 17th century poems.

The Humber River is not far from Hale, east-coast of London.
“had” :  it can be replaced by if.
This is a love poem.
“Indian Ganges” : exotic association.(+ reference of the great explorations)

A real argumentation : But, But, Thus etc..

HL

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“A valediction Forbidding Mourning”, John Donne

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“A valediction Forbidding Mourning”, John Donne

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The structure of the poem :
- There are 9 quatrains of 4 lines. - There is a full stop at the end of each quatrain.
- There is an iambic rhythm which is an iambic tetrameter line.
- The rhyme scheme for each stanza is an alternating ABAB, and each stanza is grammatically self-contained.

The poem  :
Voc : Valedictions is a synonym of farewell that means goodbye. Mourning means a great sadness
felt because someone has died.
Wilt : it means will. It is used to express the future tense but there is also the idea of
wiliness./ willingness

- “As…So…But…If…And though…Yet” : In metaphysical poems, the poets often draw a comparison between 2 things.
- The word “us” is the 1st mention of the lovers.
- “melt” :  the idea of fusion and process in chemistry/alchemy. In the 16th century,  Love was seen as an alchemical process, which was almost a science.
- 2nd stanza: introduces the topic of religion with the word “profanation”
- 3rd stanza : Donne introduces one of the classical images of the metaphysical : The Ptolemaic (ptolemaic system : astronomy, mathematical system of the universe).
- The poem begins and ends with an analogy : Like..

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John Keats was born in London on 31 October 1795. Died at 25, he had perhaps the most remarkable career of any English poet :

Published only 54 poems, in 3 slim volumes and a few magazines.

He took on the challenges of a wide range of poetic forms from the sonnet (Spenserian romance => Miltonic epic)

Now seen as a romantic but during his life time was not associated with other romantic poets.

He had a peculiar relationship with death and the time because his mother and younger brother already died from tuberculosis when he was young.
His thesis about : negative capability => the capacity of the greatest writers (particularly Shakespeare) to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion ??? and uncertainty, as opposed to a preference for philosophical certainty over artistic beauty.

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- The Globe theater was built in 1599.
- He was born in 1564 in Stratford Upon Avon. He died in 1616.
- He wrote 109 sonnets.
- Shakespeare didn’t write any books. He only wrote scripts.
- Shakespeare began his career as an actor and playwright around 1592.
- 14 plays were not published during his life. = published in 1623 the folio.

Dates :

1558 :  the beginning of the Elizabethan period.

1564 :  Shakespeare was born.

1592 :  King Richard III was written. Date of the creation of British tragedy.

1603 :  James I ascended the throne.

1616 :  Shakespeare and Cervantes died.

1642 :  The theatres closed because of the Civil war.

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Daniel Defoe, (born 1660, London.—died April 24, 1731, London), English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, author of Robinson Crusoe (1719–22).

A writer, trader and journalist.

He was born in 1660, in the years of the beginning of the restauration of monarchy after the English civil war.

He was born in the city of London.

He was part of the business and trade, merchant class.

His father was a tallow Chandler.

Religious dissenters : persecuted by the stuarts. He was not part of the Church of England.

He was part of the presbyterian : obedience to the word of god (origin in Scotland<Calvinism).

Variety of Defoe’s writings :

Travel narratives

Political pamphlets

Books on trade and commerce.

Political journalism.

His novel :

1719 : Robinson Crusoe => at 60 years old.

1722 : Moll Flanders

1722 : The journal of the plague year.

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(1342-1400) : Founding father of English Letters "the father of British poetry"

Born in London, studied either in Cambridge or Oxford.
He was a soldier, a diplomat. Classical French and Italian sources have influenced his work.

He is remembered for bringing the iambic theme and the rhyming couplet.

The Canterbury tales : medieval types // individual characters :  The ideal knight, the squire, prioress, hunting monk.. => they come from all corner of the 14th century. Gives Chaucer the chance to speak in different voices. Some have a very high register and other very low.

The General Prologue of the Ca nterbury tales :

Rhyming Couplet : dystic (2 vers qui riment ensemble) => Chaucer is the 1st to use them. This is 2 line of the same length that rhyme and complete one thought // is a pair of lines in a verse
Ex : Ready to start upon my pilgrimage
To Canterbury, full of devout courage

The main motive is a pilgrimage  : in Canterbury (near London in Kent in England), the closest place to do a pilgrimage. + “The distant shrine” refers to Jerusalem.

The 4th first line focus on nature : “Showers” and “fruits” refer to the renewal, the revival of nature after winter.

The General Prologue : opening with a description of the return of the spring. Around this time of year, the narrator says, people begin to feel the desire to go on a pilgrimage. cf. lexical field of the nature

H.L

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The expression by means of a symbolic fictional figure
ex : Plato's allegory of the cave

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The repetition of a consonant sound.
ex : Sally sells seashells.

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The repetition of the same word at the beginning of each clauses.
ex : I came, I saw, I conquered
model : A…/A…/A…

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Permits to make an indirect reference. It quickly simulates different association using a couple of words.
ex : David is like a Scrooge.

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A rhetorical device in which the last word of the preceding clause is repeated at the beginning of the next sentence.
ex : Strength through unity,
Unity through faith.
model : …A/A…

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A rhetorical device in  which a word is repeated and whose meaning changes in the 2nd clause.
ex : your argument is sound, nothing but sound

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An abrupt shift from a serious/noble tone to a less exalted one.
ex : In moment of crisis, I size up the situation, set my teeth, contract my muscle and always do the wrong thing. (George Bernard Shaw)

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the juxtaposition of contrasted ideas in balanced phrases.
ex : They promised freedom, they provide slavery.

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A literary device in which the speaker break off the discourse to address some absent person or thing.
ex : “Twinkles, twinkles , little star” ( Jane Taylor)

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The repetition of vowels sound.
ex : This is it and nothing more.

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A verbal pattern in which the 2nd  half  of the expression is balanced against the 1st but with the parts reversed.
ex : he knowingly led, and we followed blindly.
model : A-B/B-A

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A figure of speech in which the words are arranged in order of increasing importance. It is the point of the highest dramatic tension in a novel.
ex : There are three things that we endure faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love.

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The use of offensive expression instead of one considered inoffensive. It is a figure of speech use to shock or offend.
ex : snail mail (negative) -> postal mail (positive)
ex : shrink (negative) -> psychiatrist (positive)

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The omission of a word or a passage which doesn’t disturb the understanding.

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The substitution of an offensive term for one considered less offensively explicit.
ex : going ti the other side -> death

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A play on word :
- on different sense of the same word.
- on the similar sense or sound of different word.

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The use of word that imitate the sound associated with the object or action they refer to.
ex : the sack fells into the river with a splash.

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A figure of speech in which contradictory terms appear side by side.
ex : the dark light
ex : the living dead

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An extravagant statement which refers to the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis.
ex : the bag weight a ton.

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• a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company
• The Globe theatre has a circulate shape. The particularity of the Globe was his circulate shape and his open-air amphitheater.
• Compared to The Comédie française (characterized by its curtain which permits the separation of the reality and the unreality and the square pattern) the Globe theater characterized by its circulate shape presented the will not to separate the public and the actors as if the plays were real.
• The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) was the only one which played in this theater.

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The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
ex : His argument was as clear as mug.

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A figure of speech in which an inanimate object is endowed with human qualities.
ex : the shadow of the moon dances on the lakes.

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A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
ex : This ice cream wasn't too bad.

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A figure of speech by which something is referred to by a conventional phrase that enumerate several of its traits.
ex : flesh and bone ➝ body

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An implied comparison between 2 unlike things that actually have something important in common.
ex : "All the world is a stage and all men and women merely players. They have their exit and their entrance." ( As You Like It, Shakespeare)

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A stated comparison showing similarities between 2 different things.
ex : He fights like a lion.

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A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the role or vice-versa.
ex : a hundred head of cattle (head refers to the animal).

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A figure of speech in which on word or phrase is substituted for another one which it's closely associated.
ex : crown ➝ power of the king
ex : the White House ➝ The US administration

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A statement that says the same thing twice in different way.
ex : Repeat that again.

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A figure of speech in which the speaker makes a situation seen less important/serious than it is.
ex : Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet describes his death wound as "a scratch, a scratch."

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Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter.

The sonnet tradition is found with Petrach (a poet) :
- the Petrarchan sonnet (8+6) =
2 stanzas and the 1st part stands for the octave (8) followed by a sestet (6) . The rhyme scheme : ABBAABBA CDCDCD.
The Petrarchan conventions :
- Love is excruciatingly painful , => the virtuous made is cruel in rejecting the poet's love.
- Love is a religion, the practice of which ennobles the lover.
- Love at 1st sight.
- The lover usually is called Stella or Delia.
- The poet employs contradictory and oxymoronic phrases and images.
- The poets lover only dwells on the subjective experience, hence on the misery of being in love.
- The poet disclaims credit for poetic merits.
- etc..

And there’s the Shakespearien sonnet. (12+2). = rhyme scheme :
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
Sr Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard were the 1st to write sonnets in English.
The Spenserian sonnet is a variant of the Shakespearian sonnet developed by Edmund Spenser= rhyme scheme : ABAB, BCBC, CDCD, EE

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• based on the meter (= the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables).
• metric or prosody  is the study of the meter
• a beat is stressed / accented / strong syllable
• an off-beat is an unstressed / unaccented / weak / slack syllable

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• a line = is a single one (composing a verse)
• a verse = a group of lines = a stanza

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- A Iamb : A metrical foot (small group of syllables) consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, as in delay :
da DUM.
- A Iambic pentameter : a line of 5 iamb feet (usually contain 10 syllables.
- Example  :
= Her vestal livery is sick and green.
= x (offbeats) / (beats)
x      /   x     / x /   x /       x      /
= da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM

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A 2 syllable foot consisting in 1 stressed syllable followed by an 1 unstressed syllable (often found in nursery rhymes).

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A 2 syllable foot with 2 stressed syllables following each other.
=  or DUM-DUM stress pattern

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A 2 syllable foot, with 2 unstressed syllables following each other. = da da

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A 3-syllable foot consisting of 2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed syllable. = da da DUM

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A 3-syllable foot consisting of 1 stressed syllable followed by 2 unstressed syllables. =  DUM DUM  da

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- monometer : 1 foot
- dimeter : 2 feet
- trimeter : 3 feet
- tetrameter : 4 feet
- pentameter : 5 feet
- hexameter : 6 feet
- heptameter : 7 feet
- octameter : 8 feet

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The Canterbury Tales : make sure you use italics for titles or underline when you write a paper.

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The First Folio or the 1623 Folio
The War of the Roses
Nicolo Machiavelli/ Machiavel/ a make evil

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A type of prose and verse narrative popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. It consist on a typical description of the adventures of quest-seeking or legendary knight portrayed as having heroic qualities.

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A literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry. It depicts inaccessible woman of high rank becoming the object of a knight's devotion.

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Folio > lat. folium, leaf :
In printers’ jargon ‘folio’ referred to page size. On a single sheet of paper was printed more than one page, which was after folded into two leaves. A folio page is usually about 38cm tall.

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It had pages half the size of a folio and less expensive, composed by 4 leaves. This is the format of the edition of the first Shakespeare plays. (7 of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto format).
The initial print of a quarto was around 800 copies.

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More small and more less expensive than a quarto and composed by 8 leaves.

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Shakespear's genius was not fully appreciated until after his death in 1616.
In 1623 (7 years after the death of Shakespeare), J.Heminge and H.Condell (his closest friends) produce an authoritative collection of 36 plays which became the 1st Folio sold for 1 pound. H&C privileged the access to his hand-written script to the company’s prompt-book (= an annotated copy of a play for the use of a prompter during a performance). H&C divided the plays into the plays into :
- Comedies
- Histories
- Tragedies.
On of the 230 1st Folio has been discovered in France in the library of Saint-Omer. It is Rémy Cordonnier who was searching for books for an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon authors. If this 1st Folio didn’t have been discovered, we lost 14 plays. This is the reason why it is valuable.
The organization of the 1st folio is artificial ; it wasn’t thought by Shakespeare but by his friends.

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A Symbolic work of art showing the transience of life, the futility of pleasure, and the certainty of death, often contrasting symbols of wealth and symbols of ephemerality and death.
= Prevails in the 17th century literature.

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- The novel was published in 1719, it was a success, before the end of the summer it had been reprinted 3 times. it was translated in French. It created the name of a literary genre : Robinsonade. Spawning so many imitation, not only in literature but also in film, television and radio,
-  It was inspired by true stories like the story of Alexander Selkirk (a Scottish mariner) in Woodes Roger’s Cruising Voyage Round the World was published a few years before.

The 18th century & the so-called rise of the novel.

Emergence of the novel as a significant form of writing in the 18th century. There a focus on the individual, which belong to the ordinary people.
Ian Watt : The Rise of The novel : "the genre as emblematic of the rising of ordinary individual, the nation was interested in the story of ordinary people".

Accounts & Myth of modern individualism.

RC as an embodiment of economic individualism. Max Weber thesis : protestant values translated into western capitalism. + Subduing nature to material purpose.

Crusoe as "Homo Economicus".

Controlling Time & Spaces : 🚫

Crusoe rescues a person from the Cannibales on a Friday and consequently gives him this name.

The text :

- “15 th of July”, “sixteenth day” It is a dairy.
- “planted garden” :  reference to the garden of Eden :  genesis, religious background & “distress” which is when you have been abandoned by God.
- This is a very descriptive passage.
- “Pleasure” is associated to the private propriety :  “all my own”, “king and lord of all this
country” :  association to monarchy.

RC marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.

HL

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A poem, a sonnet, a play could be refereed into idea of speaking picture. The relationship between what is written and what is seen.

Art in the renaissance is made to teach : didactic purpose, and to delight.

What are the convention :

Love is painful.

Love is seen as a religion => religious imagery in most sonnet.

Love at first sight.

In this text : Love is both : binding and liberty. => oxymoronic pattern.
Legal words : Lease, possession.
There’s a personnification of death.
HL

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- Donne’s poems are often ‘philosophical’ investigations that explore puzzling abstractions.

He is interested in logic, alchemy and the new astronomy. Interest in the geographical advances and discoveries of the day.

- Most influential metaphysical poet
- Most common lexical field: his relationship with spirituality, love, religion, psychological analysis and sexual realism
- He wrote Satires, Songs and Sonnets, facing the religious oppression at the time
- Divinity and morality are the main lexical field of his Sonnets
- "Sonnet X", "Sonnet XIV", "Sonnet XVII"

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- Plot
- Characters
- Setting : The general local, time in history or social milieu in which the action of a work takes place. It establishes the mood in a work, the prevailing emotional attitude in a littering work or in a part of a work.

- Point of view : The avantage or stance, from which a story is told sometimes called perspective.
- 1st person singular (internal localization) : the narrator stands inside the story and relates 1st hand experience. Can create a feeling of intimacy. If the narrator contradict him or herself or does not fully understand the implication of his her tale, the narrator is called an unreliable narrator. If only the unspoken thought of the narrator are presented, the result is an interior monologue.

- 1st person plural (we): a collective of individual narrates as one (ex: Rose for Emily)

- 3rd person (external focalisation): feature 3rd person pronouns (he, she, they) the narrator stands outside the story and comments.

- Omniscient : 3rd person narrator, assumes a god like persona, moving about freely in time and spaces.

- Limited : the narrator takes as his or her perspective only one character. He/she looks into the character’s mind and over the character’s shoulder, pulling back for his/her to offer a broader perspective.

- Tone : The Reflections the work of the author’s attitude. Toward his or her subject, characters and readers. Humorous, Apologetic, Tender, Ironic, Condescending, Nostalgic, Serious, Grim, Playful, Brusque.

Irony : results for the reader’s sense of some discrepancy/ambivalence.

Verbal Irony: a simple kind of irony, (saying one thing but meaning the opposite)

Dramatic irony: saying or doing something while being unaware of its. Ironic contrast with the whole truth.

Situational Irony: Events turn to the opposite of what it’s expected.

- Theme : Is the central idea of the work wether fiction, poetry or drama. For many readers there is an attractive element because it gives works meaning: it makes them relevant.

H.L

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- arresting turns of phrase, starling comparisons, unexpected imagery.
- conciseness.
- conceits : inventive metaphors to yoke together “heterogenous ideas". in the words of Samuel Johnson.
- Witty arguments and analogies.
- Emphasis on the argumentative: the explicit highlighting of the poetry’s rhetorical nature.

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The narrator/author captures the reader's interest..
To focus on.
To dwell on.
To emphasize.

The text conveys a sharp criticism of…
This extract is taken from ___'s well-known novel which was published in ...
This passage belongs to…
This passage deals with..
According to the writer…
The narrator/author  depicts / evokes or conjures up / stresses or lays the stress on..
The description is detailed,  realistic, sketchy (sommaire)..
It hints at something : (faire allusion à)...
It follows from this that…

Examples :
For example / for instance
In particular
Particularly
Specifically
To illustrate
To demonstrate

Plan :
- Strict time-sequence = in chronological order.
- A logical sequence of events.
- As a starting-point we shall examine… then…
- The text falls into three main parts
- On the one hand…. on the other hand….

Conclusion :
- To conclude
- All things considered we can only come to the conclusion that…
- The passage/extract aims at convincing us of…
- Overall
- To sum up, to summarize,  in summary
- Consequently, as a consequence of, as a result of,  therefore
- to put it in a nutshell/ in a nutshell
- In light of the above, ...

Other :
characterization : the art of character-drawing; psychological interest.
A twist in the plot : une péripétie
Emotions : striking, convincing, captivating,  engrossing, fascinating, exciting, moving, stirring.

H.L

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- Souligner les titres d'oeuvres
- Les titres de : poèmes, nouvelles, articles = "entre guillemets".
- Les auteurs : Jane Austen ou Austen MAIS PAS J.Austen ou Jane. nom = seulement si l'auteur est décédé sinon écrire nom et prénom complet
- pas de contractions

H.L

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Audio => to ear v/ spectare => to watch. A spectator is using his eyes, when someone is going to the globe, they would ear the voices of the actor, the question of the voice is essential. People would concentrate on the words, the voices of the actors.
HL

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All of the Shakespeare words were meant for the stage. The 1st quarto by Shakespeare was published in 1598 : Love Labour’s lost. In this one the name of Shakespeare was not published. Because what is important is not the author but the performance. At the time people would go to bookshop and search for titles and not names.
HL

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Richard the 3rd :
- He was plantagenet.
- He ruled for 2 years but he his very famous. (1483-1485)
- Last king of England to die in a battle, he was killed at Bosworth field oil 1485 at the end of the wars of the roses.
- His older brother ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 to 1483.
- Shakespeare's eponymous play written 106 after  his death cemented Richard's bad reputation and appearance.

Context : The war of the roses is over and king Edward IV (from the house of York) has won over Warwick and the House of Lancaster, restoring peace at last.

Act I scene I :

The text starts with a trochee: “Now” =>  stressed syllable.
The first lines are a quartet.
The wars are over => the new period => spring.
At the begging of the play richard is the duc of Glaster.
There’s an anaphora at the beginning : Our (l.6/7/8). It shows an evolution between the war and the time of merriment.
There a military register :
- "bruised arms"
- “bruised alarmus” = trumpets that signified the end of the war.
- “dreadful marches”.
The register of love :
- lady's chambers
- a lute : a musical instrument related to love.
- Lascivious : perverted deals with physical love.
- “Sportive tricks” : refers to love making.
Self-portrait :
- “But I” :  a spondee (2 stressed syllables).
- Compares himself to Leonardo Da Vinci (Vitruvian man) / antique perfect body  => "the fair proportion"
- “Deform’d, unfinish’d, sent before my time” => He sets himself against this perfect body.
- “dogs bark at me” :  Richard is an outsider even for the animals.

A demonstration :
he tries to link his body and want he wants.
Argumentation : But I , and therefore.
- “And therefore” :  spondee.
- “I am determined” :  2 ways to interpret it: passive (he is determine by the nature) or active
(he is willing to be a villain).

Structure of the text :
I - Cynical portrait of king Edward.
- Contextualizing in the 1st part = war of the roses.
- description of the changing context
II- A focus on his specific deformity, on body
-The rhetoric of disability.
-focus on the word deformity, body.
III- An anatomy of machiavelli
-desillusionment
-creation of a vilain purpose : a destiny not chosen but impose to him by the rejection of all

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When there is only one actor speaking but the others are also here.
This is a speech in presence of other characters.

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A speech prononce by a character which is alone. By doing so, the character keeps these thoughts secret from the other characters of the play.

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The defense of poesy : " Poesy therefore is an art of imitation, for so Aristotle termite it in the word mimesis - that is to say, a representation, counterfeiting, or figuring forth - to speak metaphorically, a speaking picture - with this end, to teach and delight"

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Shakespeare explores the same themes in different ways but never exactly repeats a pattern. He is keenly aware of Petrarchan conventions and often uses them, but just as often he upends them.
Shakespeare's sonnets represented a kind of apogée of the English sonnet-writing fashion and may have contributed to the vogue's fading away.
His 1st sonnets were published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe as Shake-speares sonnets  : never before imprinted.

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- a rhythm based on 2 syllable feet : binary rhythm, duple rhythm.
- Dactylic/trochaic rythmes : falling rhythm (end on an unstressed syllable).
- heroic couplets : iambic pentameters with an AA BB CC rhyme scheme.
- consonance : when the final consonants are the same : ex : odds and ends.
- Two lines that rhyme: rhyming couplet
H.L

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A word, expression, or sentence which reads the same way backwards and forwards
ex: level

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- 17th-18th centuries NO
- At first, expression used by Augustan poets : John Dryden and Samuel Johnson to reprove poets for their naturalness (decrying their roughness, the violation of the decorum and the deliberate mixture of different styles). They disapproved  stylistic excesses and particularly the extravagant conceits or witty  comparison and their tendance for hyperbolic abstractions.
- The metaphysical poets are studied for their originality and intricacy.
- The metaphysical poets developed a poetic style in which philosophical and spiritual subject were approached with reason and often concluded in paradox. They established meditation as a poetic mode.
- Meditation : the union of thought and feelings
- They shared common characteristics of wit, inventiveness, and love for elaborate stylistic manoeuvres.

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- wrote politically charged poems  that would have cost him his freedom or his life.
- he was a secretary to John Milton
- known for his complex lyric and satirical poems

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Metaphysical poets WHOSE  poems were published posthumously- NO
Harsh critique of politics in their poems- Complex lyric and satirical poems

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- Poet, painter, engraver
- Born in 1757 in London, England
- Studied at Henry Henry Pars’s Drawing School in the Strand, London (1767–72) at 10, then at 14 he apprenticed with an engraver.
- main works of art : ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’, ‘Visions of the Daughters of Albion’, ‘Jerusalem’, ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience.

- Occupied as engraver and watercolorist, Blake's well-known poems are  “The Lamb” and “The Tyger,” both part of the poetic composition "Songs of Innocence and of Experience: Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul" (1794).

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Social and political background - A critique of the society (kayssa)

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Social and political background - A critique of the society (kayssa)

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SOCIAL :
- 18th century : time of change
- the beginning of the Industrial Revolution : creation of foundries, beginnings of mechanization…
Negative effects of the industrialisation :
- poverty   : peasant, farmers without land and work
- rural poverty was extreme
- child labour

POLITICS AND RELIGION :
- context : high taxes, unjust and repressive laws encouraged the civil disorder
- riots and manifestations : The Gordon Riots 1770's

POEM :

- pathetic register : demonstration of the inhuman situation, inspiring compassion, lexical field of  the woe and death, used of metaphors (amplification figures)

I. The critique of the society:
William Blake speaks through a sweep child to bring into light his vision of society. He describes the fate of chimney sweeps.
This poem is a critique of the social and religious context. Indeed, the poet thought the perspective of a child denounces the social conventions and restrictions imposed (l.7-8) . This poem makes a radical critique of the social injustices of his age.

II. A critique of the religion  :
On the other part, the poet directs his anger at the organised religion of the church. He denounces the profits make by the Church from the miserable life (cf. l.12). It also suggests that the church weaves a fiction of happiness, pretending that children like the sweep are satisfied instead of suffering (cf. opposition between the pretending happiness and the real misery l.9-10).
One more time, through the perspective of the child's innocence the poet denounces the oppression endured in name of the religion (cf. lexical field of the woe and the death).

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William Blake, The chimney sweeper - Song of experience 1794 (hanna)

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William Blake, The chimney sweeper - Song of experience 1794 (hanna)

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A little black thing among the snow,

Crying "'weep! 'weep!" in notes of woe!

"Where are thy father and mother? Say!"--

"They are both gone up to the church to pray.

"Because I was happy upon the heath,

And smiled among the winter's snow,

They clothed me in the clothes of death,

And taught me to sing the notes of woe.

"And because I am happy and dance and sing,

They think they have done me no injury,

And are gone to praise God and his priest and king,

Who make up a heaven of our misery."

Biography : William Blake (1757-1827):

Poet, painter, engraver, and visionary he worked to bring about a change both in the social order and in the minds of men. Though in his lifetime his work was largely neglected or dismissed, he is now considered one of the leading lights of English poetry, and his work has only grown in popularity. In his Life of William Blake (1863) Alexander Gilchrist warned his readers that Blake “neither wrote nor drew for the many, hardly for work’y-day men at all, rather for children and angels; himself  ‘a divine child,’ whose playthings were sun, moon, and stars, the heavens and the earth.” Yet Blake himself believed that his writings were of national importance and that they could be understood by a majority of his peers. Far from being an isolated mystic, he lived and worked in the teeming metropolis of London at a time of great social and political change that profoundly influenced his writing. In addition to being considered one of the most visionary of English poets and one of the great progenitors of English Romanticism, his visual artwork is highly regarded around the world. Blake's well-known poems : The Lamb and The Tyger both part of the composition "Songs of Innocence and of Experience : Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul" (1794).

Analysis :

Context :

It's winter, and it's late 18th England. Being a chimney sweeper is just about as bad a life as a kid could choose. And, if you're Blake, the plight of the chimney sweeper is a grave injustice. These kids have no say in their lives. According to Blake, they've been abandoned by their parents, by the Church, by the government, and even by God.

Traduction :

There is a small black shape in the snow that seems to be crying out in sadness and pain. It is a small child, and when asked where his parents, the child replies that they have gone to pray in church.

The child continues: "Just because I used to play happily in green fields, or frolic in the snow, they punished me and took away my happiness. They made sing this song of sadness.

"Because of my joyful dancing and singing, they think they've done nothing wrong. They're too busy at the Church, praising God, the priest, and the king—the authorities that build their fake heaven out of the pain and suffering of boys like me."

Theres are 2 speakers :

The person that noticed the child => ""Where are thy father and mother? Say!""

The child : Like many of the child-narrators of Blake's poem, he is strangely aware of things like oppression and injustice, but also manages to still be a kid. The speaker is little black thing => not even a human ?

Rythm :

Line 6 : "And smiled among the winter's snow" => a Iambic tetrameter (4 iambs). daDUM daDUM daDUM daDUM.

Stanza 1 : AABB - Stanza 2 : CACA - Stanza 3: DEDE.

The importance of black & white :

White : the snow,

Black : symbolizes death, covered of soot => wears clothes of death.

The importance of music :

Notes of woe.

He dances and sings.

Taught me to sing.

The church : Negative.

references to the religion :

His parents are at church => they have abandoned him.

They praise god => mentions god = god also abandoned him.

The King => the state (england).

Mentions heaven. But of misery.

Ideas :

1. It specifically suggests that the Church encroaches on the freedoms and joys of childhood and, indeed, robs children of their youth.

Main themes : Sadness, death, Happiness (not what he is but what he was, but last line he says he is truly happy now ?), Abandonment.

Studies of quotes :

1. DEATH :

"A little black thing among the snow,

Crying "'weep! 'weep!" in notes of woe! (1-2)"

The child seems already dead; he's not a child but a "black thing," almost like a corpse that has rotted. The child is black partly as a result of the soot from his job, which is a handy way the poem connects chimney-sweeping and its most dire result—death.

"They clothed me in the clothes of death,

And taught me to sing the notes of woe (7-8)"

The suggestion at the beginning of the poem is made clear here; the child is basically dead, garbed in a funeral shroud. He wears the "clothes of death" that his parents gave him. In that sense, they've as good as killed him.

1. ABANDONEMENT :

Where are thy father and mother? Say!"—

"They are both gone up to the church to pray" (3-4)

Even though the chimney sweeper's parents seem to be innocently attending church, this really looks like abandonment to the modern eye. The child is out in the cold, alone, and apparently crying, all because the parents think church is more important. But did they come to that conclusion themselves, or is society giving them those priorities?

"And are gone to praise God and his priest and king,

Who make up a heaven of our misery" (11-12)"

The sweeper reminds us again where his parents are, and this time suggests that the church and state have also abandoned the children for whom they're responsible. They're so concerned with their own heaven they've forgotten their children.

The poem is linked to another poem (actually the 1st part of the poem) that was published earlier : 1789 in the songs of innocence. The 2 parts of the poem are setting up 2 steps in human life.

Both poems are romantic : they critic the condition of the poor (the chimney)

There’s  a childlike perception (the narrator is majoritarly a child).

There’s a description of nature : the snow, the winter, the white, the land etc..

It depicts an innocent child like the Romanticism but has also the critic of society of the romantic era.

The marginalization : the chimney child is part of a community which is marginalized partly because they are poor.

There’s a use of the poor and especially of the children, which are used, they don’t own their life. => criticism of child labour.

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It is said that William Blake wore a red bonnet in the streets of London, and this is a symbol of radicalism and being a protester. Among his ideals, there is his radical opposition to the Monarchy. His writing reflects the social unrest of England, the spirit of the American colonies that wanted to abolish English imperialism, as well as the abolition of the Monarchy, at the base of the French revolution.
Another evidence of his writing is the constant reference to the industrial revolution, conceived also as a thread to working people due to the replacement for machines, and the consequent burning of those machines. When Blake introduces the spirit of fire into his works, it is not just a metaphor, but a real fact about the condition of England at the time.
Blake was also concerned about an important social illness at the time, the child labour. It is mostly seen in his poem "London", in which he points out the fact that children are employed at an extremely young age. So Blake, that is fiercely aware of that, is very affected by this situation and introduces it in his poems as metaphors.
Another social aspect that makes him be that radical was the problem of prostitution, another social illness he reflects on his poems.
In his poem "London", there is a word he repeats that it is extremely important to know his vision of the city of London. It is the word "charter", used to say "chartered streets" and "chartered Thames". It is the sense that we have to be given permission to be in certain places where brothels would be placed, or cattle slaughtered, all allowed by the government.
With this word, Blake makes even a reference to contemporary times, and that is what makes him, among other things, such a great writer.

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use the word speaker (poetry) and not narrator (novel)

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use the word speaker (poetry) and not narrator (novel)

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essential to see that there are two speakers; first quatrain : dialogue format, quotation marks : direct speech

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essential to see that there are two speakers; first quatrain : dialogue format, quotation marks : direct speech

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Pay attention to language and register : what is striking is the simplicity of the vocabulary, reminiscent of the childhood language.

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Pay attention to language and register : what is striking is the simplicity of the vocabulary, reminiscent of the childhood language.

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Langage register
- simple and direct
- but complex idea are developed
- the use of childhood language permit to express the reality as it is, without distortion.

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To what extent is the poem reflecting on the state of innocence?? to what extent has the state of innocence been perverted in the age of industrialisation?

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To what extent is the poem reflecting on the state of innocence?? to what extent has the state of innocence been perverted in the age of industrialisation?

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The perspective of the children is the prism through which the speaker sees the world. Thus he understand things directly and without the distortion made by adults. This is the benefits of the innocence and purity. However, through this "Song of Experience”, the innocence is lost.

The Experience is the central state of consciousness of this poem. The child became aware of his life's shortcomings and realized his woe. Thus this poem reflects the corruption of children's innocence.

In this age of industrialisation and the corruption caused by it, the state of innocence had been perverted. The religion and the social disorder of this time impacted population and especially children. This context is responsible for this lack of innocence.

(K.C)

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I- The predominence of death in the poem

In his poem « The chimney Sweeper”, what is very striking is the meaning of the black colour wore by the child. Indeed on the first line of the stanza the child is referred to as a “black thing” which produces an effect of dehumanization of the character as if this “thing” was dead and it makes sense because black is also known to be the colour of death. This colour contrasts with the white colour of “snow” (l.1) which is supposed to be a colour of purity and life. We can understand this opposition as a loss of  innocence of the child. We can also mention “they clothed me in the clothes of death” on line 7. Thanks to this metonymy, we understand that he is also dressed in black and that his parents are at the origin of his sadness. Finally several words can be which reflect the sadness of the child can be reffered as a natural behaviour when death occurs especially "crying" (l.2) "sing the notes of woe" (l.9)

II- The sadness of the child

We can quickly understand that the child is unhappy through the reading of the poem, and this because his parents represent an obstacle to his happiness "Because I was happy [...]" " they clothed me in clothes of death [...]. His sadness caused by his parents is a consequence to his happiness. The structure of the poem is important also after wiith the repetition of " And because I am happy, and dance and sing" ( ternary rythm used here) ( maybe the repetion of because can be seen as an anaphora" " they think they have done me no injury". This passage highlights the recklessness of the parents toward their child who uses these means of expression either to express his sadness or to forget it.

III- The critique of religion

In his poem William Blake portrays the religion in a negative way.  The parents abandoned their child in order to go praying which can be considered as a sin. Here the religion turns away the attention of the perents from their child. The ternary rythm is used in the third stanza to express the same idea " And are gone to praise God and his Priest and King" => critique of the religion and the government. FInally in the last line with " whomake up a heaven of our misery" an oxymoron is used and it seems as though the chimney sweep is searching for people who have convinced his parents to place him in conditions that are as miserable as they are.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) (Hector)

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) (Hector)

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- One of the most influential authors in the Romantic period
- He produced, together with William Wordsworth, what is considered as the most important collection of poems in English, the "Lyrical Ballads".
- In his work, "Biographia Literaria", it is acknowledged that he was a poet as much as he wrote prose.
- His addictions had some influence in some of his works ("Kubla Khan", "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "Christabel"), where the appearance of supernatural elements is present.
- He inspired an entire generation of writers through his thinking about literature and his innovative verse.
- For him, art was a medium through which he could express different critiques. He shared Kant's and Friedrich von Schelling's philosophical ideals and critiques.

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Earth has not any thing to show more fair:

Dull would he be of soul who could pass by

A sight so touching in its majesty:

This City now doth, like a garment, wear

The beauty of the morning; silent, bare,

Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie

Open unto the fields, and to the sky;

All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.

Never did sun more beautifully steep

In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;

Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

The river glideth at his own sweet will:

Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!

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Westminster bridge : Westminster Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge stretching over the River Thames, linking Westminster and Lambeth. It is a Grade II structure – meaning that it has historical and cultural significance – and it was designed and built between 1739-1750 by the architect Charles Labelye; it proved essential in ferrying traffic to the developing South London and south coast ports, thus avoiding the congested London roads

+ "We left London on Saturday morning at ¹⁄₂ past 5 or 6, the 31st July (I have forgot which) we mounted the Dover Coach at Charing Cross. It was a beautiful morning. The City, St pauls, with the River & a multitude of little Boats, made a most beautiful sight as we crossed Westminster Bridge. The houses were not overhung by their cloud of smoke & they were spread out endlessly, yet the sun shone so brightly with such a pure light that there was even something like the purity of one of nature's own grand Spectacles"

— Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journal, 31 July 1802

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Earth has not any thing to show more fair:

Dull would he be of soul who could pass by

A sight so touching in its majesty:

This City now doth, like a garment, wear

The beauty of the morning; silent, bare,

Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie

Open unto the fields, and to the sky;

All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.

Never did sun more beautifully steep

In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;

Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

The river glideth at his own sweet will:

Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!

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William Wordsworth "composed upon Westminster bridge" - September 3, 1802 (Hanna)

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William Wordsworth "composed upon Westminster bridge" - September 3, 1802 (Hanna)

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Summary : In the early morning, the poet stands on Westminster Bridge, which connected the poor and the rich areas of London, and reminisces on the beauty of London in the early morning.

The form : a Petrarchan sonnet,  It is made up of 14 lines: an octave, followed by a sestet.

The punctuation : At regular intervals, the poet intersperses commas, semi-colons, and exclamation points seemingly at random, thus giving the poem a forced method of reading.???

Personification of the city => it seems alive  WHY ????
+ the use of the word majesty.
So What ??

The imagery : quiet/peaceful/slumber/few bright flashes of color => not the truth of the city at the time it was smoggy, not bright etc..MISINTERPRETATION