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Audio recorders are small devices that record sound and can transmit the recording to a computer for analysis almost instantaneously (Farina et al., 2014; Peterson, 2017).

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How are audio recorders used in conservation? 

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How are audio recorders used in conservation? 

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Audio recorders can allow researchers to catalog the biodiversity of an ecosystem by listening to unique species vocalizations (Riede, 1994). They can also enable scientists to use sound to search for species that are particularly elusive.

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Bioacoustics Reveal How Biodiversity Changes Across Borneo’s Logged Forests

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Biocoustics Used to Measure Population Demographics

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Biocoustics Used to Measure Population Demographics

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Sound can also be used to measure various elements of animal populations, including presence-absence, age structure, and abundance.

An example of population age structure analysis: one study was able to detect the presence of Iberian wolf pups within a pack by analyzing the differing frequency of recorded calls (Palacios, López-Bao, Llaneza, Fernández, & Font, 2016; de Frias Marques, 2013). This study could be used to measure reproductive success with other canid species as well.

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This use of sound for conservation and research purposes has been termed "bioacoustics". The field of bioacoustics has has existed since the late 1800's. However, recent innovations in audio recording technology (namely smaller, less expensive devices) have contributed to a surge of conservationists employing this technique and exploring it's potential to record complex ecological data (Laiolo, 2010).

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Aide, T. M., Corrada-Bravo, C., Campos-Cerqueira, M., Milan, C., Vega, G., & Alvarez, R. (2013). Real-time bioacoustics monitoring and automated species identification. PeerJ, 1, e103.

Cool Green Science. (2017, June 10). Bioacoustics reveal how biodiversity changes across Borneo's logged forests [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXoytZQjU-w

de Frias Marques, Arturo. (2013). Iberian Wolf [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iberian_Wolf.jpg.

Farina, A., James, P., Bobryk, C., Pieretti, N., Lattanzi, E., & McWilliam, J. (2014). Low cost (audio) recording (LCR) for advancing soundscape ecology towards the conservation of sonic complexity and biodiversity in natural and urban landscapes. Urban ecosystems, 17(4), 923-944.

Laiolo, P. (2010). The emerging significance of bioacoustics in animal species conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(7), 1635-1645.

Palacios, V., López-Bao, J. V., Llaneza, L., Fernández, C., & Font, E. (2016). Decoding group vocalizations: The acoustic energy distribution of chorus howls is useful to determine wolf reproduction. PloS one, 11(5).

Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. D. M., Stigliano, R., Campioni, L., & Sánchez, M. (2014). Owl dusk chorus is related to the quality of individuals and nest‐sites. Ibis, 156(4), 892-895.

Peterson, Greg. (2017). Mics and audio recorder on tree [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/glpjp/32844920623/.

Riede, K. (1994). Bioacoustic diversity and resource partitioning in tropical calling communities. In Tropical biodiversity and systematics. Proceedings of the international symposium on biodiversity and systematics in tropical ecosystems, Bonn (pp. 275-280).

Teixeira, D., Maron, M., & van Rensburg, B. J. (2019). Bioacoustic monitoring of animal vocal behavior for conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 1(8), e72.

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The sheer amount of data produced with audio recorders can make analysis difficult without appropriate software (which can be complex and expensive)

Approach is not useful for all species

(Aide et al., 2013)

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Use of Audio Recorders to Study Animal Behavior

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Use of Audio Recorders to Study Animal Behavior

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A study of the Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) in Spain used audio recorders and found that males that called earlier in the dawn chorus had the highest fecundity and proportion of rats in their diet (Penteriani et al., 2014). This could be used by conservationists as an indicator of nesting quality within a patch and to identify areas where reproduction for the species is poor (Teixeira, Maron, & van Rensburg, 2019) .

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Lower resource requirements (human hours, cost, etc.) than traditional in situ research

Capacity to collect huge volumes of data that can then be cataloged and stored

Reduces observer bias

Can be used with a vast variety of species, from insects to cetaceans

Can be used to detect elusive or cryptic species

Reduces disturbance (especially important to sensitive/threatened species)                     (Teixeira, Maron, & van Rensburg, 2019)