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Mass is an assessment of the amount of matter in a given object.

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1. Usually measured in grams
2. Cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system

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Density is the amount of mass per unit of volume in any given object.

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1. Often measured in grams per centimeter squared
2. The more compact an object is, the denser it will be, regardless of the object's size

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Volume is the amount of space that a given object takes up.

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1. Often measured in liters or meters cubed
2. If something has volume and mass, it is matter

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Weight is the vertical force of gravity on a given object.

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1. Calculated by mass times the acceleration of gravity
2. Often measured in Newtons

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The atomic number of an element is the amount of protons in 1 atom of that element.

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1. Every element has a different atomic number
2. The atomic number of an atom determines its place on the Periodic Table of Elements

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The mass number of an element is the sum of the amount of protons and neutrons in 1 atom of that element.

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1. Also known as nucleon number
2. Always a whole number

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The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of 1 atom of that element.

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1. Also known as atomic weight
2. Often not a whole number due to isotopes

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Quarks are types of subatomic particles with fractional electric charges that combine to create protons and neutrons.

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1. No quarks have ever actually been observed
2. There are six types of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top

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Atomic Mass Units, or AMU, are units of mass that are equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 and are used to weigh protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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1. Also known as daltons
2. Protons and neutrons both weigh about 1 AMU, while electrons weigh approximately 0 AMU.

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The electron cloud is the negatively charged region around the nucleus of an atom that is filled with fast-moving electrons.

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1. First discovered by Erwin Schrödinger
2. Takes up most of the area of an atom

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Protons are the positively charged subatomic particles of an atom that are located in the atom's nucleus.

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1. Weigh about 1 AMU each
2. Determine each element's atomic number

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Neutrons are the neutrally charged subatomic particles of an atom that are located in the atom's nucleus.

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1. Weigh about 1 AMU each
2. Present in every element except for hydrogen

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Electrons are the negatively charged subatomic particles of an atom that are located in the electron cloud of each atom.

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1. Weigh about 0 AMU each
2. Discovered by J.J. Thomson

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Atoms are the basic units of all matter that are each unique to the element that they are part of.

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1. Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
2. Named by Democritus

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The nucleus of an atom is the area at the center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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1. Makes up the vast majority of an atom's mass
2. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford

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An isotope of an element is an atom that has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons than an atom of the standard form of that element.

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1. Isotopes are the reason that the atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number
2. 80 of the 118 discovered elements have at least 1 stable isotope

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A solid is a state of matter where all of the particles in an object are firm and compact.

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1. Solid objects have definite shapes and volumes
2. Ex: Brick, ice, wood

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A liquid is a state of matter where all of the particles in an object are free to flow around and bump into each other.

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1. Liquid objects have definite volumes, but not definite shapes
2. Ex: Water, milk, juice

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A gas is a state of matter where all of the particles in an object can compress, expand, and adapt to their container.

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1. Gas objects do not have definite shapes or volumes
2. Ex: Helium, nitrogen, hydrogen

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Plasma is a state of matter where many or all of the electrons have been stripped away and only positively charged ions remain to roam freely.

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1. Plasma does not have a definite shape or volume
2. Ex: Lightning, stars, solar wind

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A chemical property is a characteristic of a substance that is observed when the chemical composition of the substance is changed.

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1. Cannot be viewed without causing a chemical change to the substance
2. Ex: Toxicity, flammability, chemical stability

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A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

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1. Can be viewed without causing a chemical change to the substance
2. Ex: Color, hardness, boiling point

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A chemical change is a generally permanent change to a substance involving a change in the chemical properties or composition of the substance.

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1. Involves the rearrangement of atoms in the substance
2. Results in the formation of at least one new substance

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A physical change is a change that alters the form of a substance, but not the substance's chemical composition.

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1. Usually reversible
2. Used to to separate mixtures into their component compounds

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Viscosity is the measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.

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1. Can be used to measure liquids or gasses
2. Typically measured in centipoise

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The Kinetic Theory is a theory that states that the temperature of a substance increases with an increase in the average kinetic energy of the substance and that particles in a gas move in straight lines until they bump into one another and change each others speeds and directions.

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1. Based on the idea that particles in a substance are always moving very quickly
2. As the speed of particles increases, the energy will increase, as well

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The melting point of a solid is the temperature that the solid will melt and turn into a liquid.

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1. For a moment, the substance will remain in equilibrium between solid and liquid states at melting point
2. The melting point of ice is 0 degrees Celsius

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The heat of fusion of a solid is the amount of energy required to completely convert the solid to a liquid at melting point.

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1. Equal to the heat of solidification
2. The heat of fusion for water at 0 degrees Celsius is about 334 Joules

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The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature that the liquid will evaporate and turn into vapor.

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1. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure
2. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius

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The heat of vaporization of a liquid is the amount of energy required to completely convert the liquid into gas at boiling point.

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1. Also known as "enthalpy of vaporization" and "heat of evaporation"
2. The heat of vaporization of water  is about 40.6 kilojoules

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Sublimation is the transition between the solid stage and gas stage of a substance without passing through the liquid stage.

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1. Opposite of deposition, the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid
2. An example is dry ice sublimating directly into dioxide vapor at room temperature

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Thermal expansion is matter's innate tendency to change its shape, area, and volume due to a change in temperature.

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1. The higher the temperature, the larger the substance will grow and vise versa
2. For example, jar lids will expand in heat due to thermal expansion and become difficult to be removed