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-Decided 1803
-Thomas Jefferson told James Madison to withhold midnight judge William Marbury's commission.
-Marbury tried to have Supreme Court put a writ of mandamus on Madison
-Marbury argued that the signing and sealing of the document was a formality, and that since Adams had written the document, he should have it delivered to him.

-Supreme Court found that Madison's choice to not deliver the commission was illegal, but did not order him to hand over the commission.
-The Supreme Court found the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowing Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was unconstitutional
-It was argued unconstitutional because Congress did not have the power to modify the constitution through legislation, because
the constitution is placed above the laws.

-Marbury v Madison established Judicial Review- The Judiciary Branch can check the constitutionality of a law created by congress and declare it unconstitutional if it doesn't follow the constitution
-Showcased the power of the Judiciary branch

Image of William Marbury, judge trying to get his commission.

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-Decided 1819
-Maryland passed a law that allowed the state to tax the The Second Bank of The US.
-The cashier of the 2nd BUS refused to pay the tax
-State argued that the constitution did not provide a textual commitment for the federal government to create a bank.

-Unanimously decided that Congress had the power to create a bank under the necessary and proper clause.
-John Marshall said that since the bank is a federal entity, it is supreme, and cannot be controlled by laws of the state.
- This meant it could not be taxed by the state of Maryland.

-Set the precedent of the government being able to create anything deemed "necessary and proper."
-Gave Congress the power to establish a national bank.

Image of a 2nd National Bank Building.

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-Decided 1824
-New York state had given Aaron Ogden a license stating that he had control over his stretch of water.
-Thomas Gibbons began running his steamboat on Ogden's route.
-Went against the New York State license that Ogden had. Gibbons took Ogden to Supreme Court.

-It was decided by Supreme Justice John Marshall that the regulation and navigation of steamboats and others for purposes conducting interstate commerce was controlled by Congress, due to the Commerce Clause.

-Set the precedent that Congress has power over interstate commerce, and that federal law overpowers state laws.

Image of a Fulton Steamboat, the type that Gibbons and Ogden ran.

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-Decided 1837
-The state of Massachusetts chartered the Charles River Bridge company so that there could be a bridge built that connected Cambridge and Boston.
-Toll free bridge, the Warren Bridge, was built right next to the bridge
-Charles River Bridge Company took the Warren bridge, built by the state, to court.

-Ruling of 5-2
-Chief Justice Taney ruled that the second charter did not violate the original charters' rights.
-Also did not violate the original contract clause of the Charles River Bridge.
-Taney said that the problem was that the charter did not grant the original bridge monopoly rights.

-Set the precedent that rights not explicitly stated in a charter cannot just be concurred from the document.

This is an image of the Charles River Bridge.

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-Decided 1857
-Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri
-Scott lived with his master from 1833-1843 in the free state of Illinois.
-Scott filed a free man claim, stating that his former residence in a free state made him a free man

-Ruling of 7-2 for Sandford
-The majority decided that since Scott's parents were imported into U.S as slaves, not born there, they couldn't be U.S citizens, so neither could Scott
-Only U.S citizens can testify in U.S court
-Case dismissed by Taney
-Missouri Compromise declared unconstitutional
-Removed Congress power to free slaves in free territory
-Slaves ruled as property under the 5th amendment

-Set the precedent that slaves are property and that slaves were not protected under the Constitution
-Outraged abolitionists and African Americans
-Gave power to the Republican Party

This is an image of Dredd Scott, the slave who argued in court for his freedom.