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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/baron-de-montesquieu/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws

http://www.americassurvivalguide.com/montesquieu

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Imitating a playing card, it includes philosophies about Montesquieu

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The Founding Fathers were very influenced by the works of Montesquieu. The most notable influence of Montesquieu resides at the very core of our constitution. The U.S. thoroughly adopted his ideas on Separation of Powers. By forming our Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of government we followed his exact writings. Furthermore, the U.S. also developed a system of checks and balances which followed his warnings about keeping power divided.

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There are three main political systems that Montesquieu defines -republican, monarchical, and despotic- and these can be broken down into further subgroups. Republics are systems of government in which single individuals represent the people of whom they were elected. A system of government where a single ruler holds power; as a subgroup there are constitutional monarchies and absolute monarchies, in the former there are restrictions and in the latter, power is absolute. Despotic governments are when a single individual or group holds absolute power. From these three main forms of government, Montesquieu argues that all other forms can be derived.

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The most famous philosophy of Montesquieu was in The Spirit of the Laws in which he discussed the best way to distribute political power. In his mind, it was important that power lay in the hands of different pieces of government so that power couldn't be usurped by a single individual. This avoided the possibility of an Aristocracy. The primary reason for separating different branches in government was also so that the government could not gain enough power individually. In this manner, the government could never be the judge, jury, and executioner.  With each branch having its own roles and duties, they all could work in cohesion for the common good.

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Political Liberty is a system with dependable and moderate laws that are fair to the people AND the governing body. Other views that are incorrect of political liberty are "collective self government" which is essentially democracy. The other misconception is that it gives people free reign or essentially government without constraint. In order to establish political liberty there needs to be the separation of powers within the government and clear laws needs to be established so as to for citizen's own well-being.

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Montesquieu was born into a noble family and this was his birthplace

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This was the theory that climate greatly influenced man and societal ways. He hypothesized in his works The Spirit of the Laws and the Persian Letters that could be considered a material condition of life. He believed the climate of Europe to be the most optimal as it was temperate and was not on the extreme side of hot or cold. People in these warmer areas were deemed to have a higher temper and quicker to make rash decisions while people in colder climates were seen to be more stiff.

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He believed that monumental events in history weren't owed to the work of individuals. It's not the ambition of individuals, but instead of the ambitions of humans. Such an instance would have been when Caesar worked to take control over the Roman government. It was Montesquieu's belief that someone else would have done it.

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Born: January 18, 1689, La Brède, France
Died: February 10, 1755, Paris, France