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The time has come to move away from an idea of race whose definition derives from a first line of defense and toward proposals that are more ambitious and free.

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The movement of people between Mexico and the United States produced radical transformations on each side, but what the Mexican nationalists wanted, and what the government of Mexico also may have wanted, was for the nations to be more symmetrical. Mexican nationalists wanted the North Americans who went to Mexico to submit to the Mexican regime in the same way that Mexicans had submitted to the North American regime.

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A dramatic illustration of the border as a threshold in the Porfirian era can be found in the life of Teresa Urrea

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A dramatic illustration of the border as a threshold in the Porfirian era can be found in the life of Teresa Urrea

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Teresa even appeared in Barnum’s famous theater in New York. When Teresa, a messianic and politically dangerous figure, crossed the border, she turned into a freak-show attraction. Teresa would attract Mexican pilgrims to Arizona, seeking her miraculous cures. Teresa was good business in the United States

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The border between Mexico and United States became a threshold between languages, currencies, relationships, peoples, and even times.

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The border between Mexico and United States became a threshold between languages, currencies, relationships, peoples, and even times.

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Social and psychological consequences of the quickly developing,  and instability of the Mexican national identity, led to conflicting internalizations of who is valuable, especially in reference to the United States. 

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Social and psychological consequences of the quickly developing,  and instability of the Mexican national identity, led to conflicting internalizations of who is valuable, especially in reference to the United States. 

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Mexican racialization in the United States was a result of a policy of Mexican integration into an ethnically segmented labor market (which predominated in Texas), as well as a white strategy of political marginalization (especially relevant in the territory of New Mexico). In the United States, the Mexican was the first to be classified as a single race.

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Why did people come to identify the new mestizaje with national identity? Factor 3:

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Why did people come to identify the new mestizaje with national identity? Factor 3:

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The racialization of the Mexican as a product of the logic of the border between Mexico and the United States

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The accelerated pace of building the Mexican train network, as well as large-scale capital investments in mining, textiles, petroleum, and agriculture, resulting in waves of migration, both within Mexico and to the United States, by the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Because the identities that are now called indigenous were almost entirely based on location at the time, these migrations contributed to the phenomenon of mestizaje.

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Economic developments broke down categories of identity and created a basis for new identities that, while different from the original ones, still retained a racial discourse. This process began in the colonial period and was enormously important in Mexico, in part because the principal mining centers, in contrast to those in Peru, were far from the centers of the indigenous population.

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When a political regime fails to achieve effective citizenship based on equality before the law, it uses race or origin to define the citizen and thus form it as the national subject.

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However in the in early twentieth-century Mexico, the nation became identified with a race in a relatively extensive (and perhaps generalized)way. How and Why did this occur?

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However in the in early twentieth-century Mexico, the nation became identified with a race in a relatively extensive (and perhaps generalized)way. How and Why did this occur?

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Three factors have advanced the idea of Mestizaje(miscegenation) and its transformation to National Race:

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The representation of Mexicans as a race is deeply rooted in the popular imagination.

For example: In Northern Mexico and United States: 'raza' or 'race' meant 'us', same goes in Portuguese as ' a gentle' but in Brazil, another American country,  known for its 'mestizophilia' 'Brazilian race' has tended to be identified as a project for the future but not an empirical reality.

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The Mexican race rarely proposes itself as a superior race, but rather as a race ideally suited to the specific environment of Mexico

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Was the idea of national race -which arose from the practice of dividing the Mexican people into multiple, picturesque, races and castes - really unique? 

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Was the idea of national race -which arose from the practice of dividing the Mexican people into multiple, picturesque, races and castes - really unique? 

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Two factors distinguish the Mexican race from the other races: