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Rousseau believed that people were naturally good, but ruined by society. He wrote the Social Contract.

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Voltaire believed in freedom of speech and religion and separation of church and state. To stop his ideas from being adopted by others, his writings were burned and outlawed.

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Montesquieu did not support absolute monarchies, and admired Britain's limited monarchy. He believed in separation of powers to prevent tyranny.

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Locke believed that people naturally want to do the right thing. He stressed the best governments have limited power and did not support absolute monarchy. He continued in writing his ideas in Two Treaties of Government.

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Hobbes argued that because of the government, people are cruel and selfish. He supported absolute monarchs and wrote about his ideas in The Leviathan.

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Harvey was born and died in the United Kingdom. He discovered circulation of blood through the body.

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Jenner was born and died in the United Kingdom. He developed the smallpox vaccine.

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Newton was born and died in the United Kingdom. He developed the laws of gravity,  light and color, motion, and wrote Principia.

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The Hapsburg family ruled the Holy Roman Empire and surrounding areas from 1438 to 1806. This empire was often described as diverse, including several ethnic groups and cultures. Eventually, this resulted in conflict.

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Charles V was a member of the Hapsburg family and the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556. He led the largest collection of European lands since Charlemagne, but this resulted in his abdication from the throne because of his failure to unite Europe under a Catholic empire.

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Kelper developed the Laws of Planetary Motion. He discovered elliptical orbits and that the planets move faster the nearer they are to the sun.

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Improved the telescope and used it to prove the heliocentric theory to be true. Invented the swing pendulum and the thermometer.

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Copernicus created the Heliocentric theory. He believed the Earth is round and revolves around the sun.

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He was the King of Prussia from 1740-1786. When he was young, he wanted to study music, philosophy, and poetry. Later, his father forced a strict military lifestyle upon him, and even once beat him for studying Latin.

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He was the Tsar of Russia from 1682-1725. He built a new capital city along the Baltic Sea. He is best remembered for his attempt to westernize Russia.

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He became the king of France at the age of four. He built the grand palace at Versailles and collected money through taxes and tariffs to make himself and France as rich as possible.

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He took the throne in 1685 and was the brother of Charles II. He was unpopular, did not get along with parliament, and strived to be an absolute monarch.

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He took the throne in 1656. He rules with Parliament, was more in to partying than being king, and was nicknamed Merry Monarch.

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He took the throne in 1653 and called himself Lord Protector. While he was not at the throne for very long, he was essentially a military dictator, no parliament, and no constitution.

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He took the throne in 1625 and is the son of James I. He established Martial Law in England and institutes unpopular taxes.

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He took the throne in 1603. He was unpopular with the people, did not get alone with Parliament, and was often careless with his money.