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You can listen to this audio so that you can better understand the powerpoint below and anwser the question.

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Why do you think the number of black, American Indian, and latino students being suspended is higher than the number of white and asian students? Why do you think the number of black students being suspended has increased over time?
You can also observe the follow graphic and mention any differences you see in what black vs. white students are being reported for.

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Feel free to add any additional videos, articles, audio, or graphics about the school to prison pipeline here!

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Summarize your takeaways from this slideshow:

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Here are some statistics you may find useful. You can reflect on the statistics on this graph and think about the link between school disciplinary policies and the juvenile justice system.

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Watch 19:30 to 24:20 of 13th for more information on the War on Drugs.

Watch 27:21 to 33:41 of 13th for more information on how the media represented black and brown people.

Consider the effects of the Willie Horton ad, stereotypes about black and brown people, etc. on the black and brown community in the US.

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Summarize your takeaways from this video: https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/fl32-soc-psjuvexperts/prison-state-school-to-prison-pipeline/

Consider this quote: "Whether you follow the rules or you don't you're going to jail, just like your uncle, just like your father, just like your brother, just like your neighbor. You, too, are going to jail. It's part of your destiny."

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Check out this article: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/american-graduate-jan-june12-tx-ticketing_06-21

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Think about the similarities and differences between how African Americans were treated in the past and how they are treated now.

Some topics to think about include Michelle Alexander’s idea of the New Jim Crow, racial disparities within prisons, social reproduction, etc.

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Again, I see the work of systematic racial discrimination here. As this discrimination gets more and more implicit and deep-rooted, the zero-tolerance policy only stimulates the situation, not diffusing it. It has made the pipeline ever stronger, and is getting less and less effective at disciplining students.

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I think one of the long-term effects of early punishment on students is the students who received early punishment effect students to drop out their schools and furthermore, they are likely to commit a crime in adults as well. The video “Frontline Trailer” shows that “once a child gets involved in the juvenile court system, he or she will continue to be part of it or move to the adult system”. This video reminded me that zero tolerance is not a useful way to prevent crime in schools, because students incarcerate due to the insubordination of their teachers, and I personally think that this is not a fair reason for students to punished. Additionally, students with early punishment may have their own criminal records and tickets, so it affects them to be branded as a criminal for their lives. By having these records, those students have the unequal opportunities to recruit on their jobs, and seriously they become socially isolated. Whenever those students want to try something else, they will face difficulties with being as a criminal.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENWB-Gi0s5s

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Disadvantages of children with having incarcerated parents

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Disadvantages of children with having incarcerated parents

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Article:
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/hidden-consequences-impact-incarceration-dependent-children

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm9d_O3aoDU

Graphics/Articles: https://projects.sfchronicle.com/2016/captive-lives/

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So the most alarming thing that stands out to me is 1. the low standard a person can meet to get searched, and 2. kids spending time in jails. Note that a jail is different from school and all that a teen can receive there is education into crime. This will ultimately form a cycle that will resend this teen back to jail again and again and reinforce his path into crimes

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In the article, we learn about students who have been involved with the police at a young age. Fortunately, the boy who was cited for fighting, De’Angelo Rollins,  went to court, got his fine reduced and did community service to clear his record. Although his punishment was drastic, I think the punishment would of been worse for a student of low-income with no family support. For instance, a student from a low-income household would struggle to pay the $350 fee and would probably not go to court. Courts may be an intimidating place for these families, so they may opt to pay the fine instead. Even if some families wanted to go to court, they may not be able to afford to take the day off. In conclusion, I think the long term effects will harm the children’s family and the attitude of the student. The student’s may be resentful of their school and police, so they may not be as motivated to do well in school and improve their behavior.

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Changes of Scales of Pipeline by Normalization of Incarceration

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Changes of Scales of Pipeline by Normalization of Incarceration

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As well as the De’Angelo Rollins early punishment, I think there are lots of accidents that are normalized as incarceration even if the crime is a misdemeanor. For example, some states normalized such small accidents(skipping classes, disobedient with teachers) in school as incarceration, which makes the pipeline strong. Moreover, the discipline is different across the race, and this impacts the Blacks or other minorities' crimes are normalized to be incarceration compared with Whites. For example, “A study in 2002 found that white students were more likely to be disciplined for provable, documentable offenses, while black students were more likely to be disciplined for more subjective reasons, such as disrespect”(Nelson,Lind). This stood out to me and I believe that segregation still exists even in incarceration, because the reasons are not enough to discipline blacks, but I think schools tried to normalize, and they claim that they have zero tolerance policies to prevent felony crimes. However, I don’t agree and I think if schools try to normalize incarceration, it would increase the scale of the pipeline, and presumably more and more students would commit more crimes.

Article: The school to prison pipeline
Link: http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775

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After reading the PBS article posted, I think some of the long-term effects of early punishment on students can be drastic on a young student. One long term effect, as mentioned in the article is that the earlier a student comes across the justice system, the more likely they are to drop out of school. The consequences of a conviction or even a ticket can have lasting effects on anyone's life, but especially if they are a lower income student who cannot afford to pay it off. Furthermore, if a student is sentenced to any time in the juvenile system, that is crucial time being lost from getting educated and furthermore advancing their career and adult life. Additionally, early harsh punishment on students can absolutely tarnish their record and their ability to get any sort of higher income job in the future. The link I have attached below depicts the long term effects of incarceration on individuals including lack of employment, housing insecurity, and homelessness, and young students facing these harsh punishments at an early age are at a big disadvantage.

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In the U.S. criminal justice system in 2014, an estimated 2.2 million people were in incarcerated or under correctional supervision on any given day, and another 4.7 million were under community supervision, such as probation or parole. Among all U.S. adults, 1 in 31 is involved with the criminal justice system, many of them having had recurring encounters.

The ability to measure the effects of criminal justice involvement and incarceration on health and health disparities has been a challenge, due largely to limited and inconsistent measures on criminal justice involvement and any data on incarceration in health data collections. The presence of a myriad of confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status and childhood disadvantage, also makes it hard to isolate and identify a causal relationship between criminal justice involvement and health. The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects periodic health data on the people who are incarcerated at any given time, but few national-level surveys have captured criminal justice system involvement for people previously involved in the system or those under community supervision-nor have they collected systematic data on the effects that go beyond the incarcerated individuals themselves.

In March 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop meant to assist the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and Office of the Minority Health (OMH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in identifying measures of criminal justice involvement that will further their understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of health. Participants investigated the feasibility of collecting criminal justice experience data with national household-based health surveys. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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Read "Improving Collection of Indicators of Criminal Justice System Involvement in Population Health Data Programs: Proceedings of a Workshop" at NAP.edu

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In the U.S. criminal justice system in 2014, an estimated 2.2 million people were in incarcerated or under correctional supervision on any given day, and another 4.7 million were under community supervision, such as probation or parole. Among all U.S. adults, 1 in 31 is involved with the criminal justice system, many of them having had recurring encounters.

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The Justice System contributes to the school to prison pipeline in many different ways. One major reason is having cops in schools leads to students being punished for minor infractions because it is dealt with through the justice system rather than being dealt with internally by the school. Many underfunded low-income schools rely on the justice system to provide a police at the school to patrol students rather than school's teachers and administrators doing so. As mentioned in the powerpoint, there is also a federal incentive for these police to make school-based arrests because their agency, and possibly them, may receive a boost in federal funding by increasing their numbers. Additionally, examining the opposite side of the spectrum, because of the effects that a student faces once they come into contact with the justice system, they may face many barriers to re-entry into many schools after their sentencing.

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A long term effect of early punishment on students that is mentioned by this PBS article is that a criminal record label will follow a student throughout their adolescent and adult life. It is something that will always be a part of them when seeking employment, housing, higher education, etc. The article gave the example of the LA school district criminalizing students for tardiness. For tardiness, the fines can exceed up to $250. It surprises me that some people believe this will motivate students to do better. I think this actually does the exact opposite. Why would you criminalize a student for tardiness? I don’t think this will make students learn from their ‘mistakes’, instead I think it just sets students up for failure.

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The Justice System gives punishments to troubled children, and these punishments are not necessarily changing the way the children will behave afterwards. Take for example, jail time. I know people who commit an offense, get caught for it, go to jail, and as soon as they come out commit the same offense. This time, being more careful so they do not get arrested. If the justice system and the ways jail operate were to change, we may have less people going back to jail. In the Powerpoint, federal incentives were said to contribute to the high incarceration rates. I wonder if it is feasible to fund jails without needing more people in jail. Also, I wonder what they need the funds for because I understand that the people in jail produce many goods, and receive very compensation for it. They only get a portion of the money. I wonder who else keeps the rest. In short, I think that jail time is not solving all the issues, so the justice system should stop sending children and adults for minor offenses.

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How War on Drugs contributed to mass incarceration

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How War on Drugs contributed to mass incarceration

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I think that the long-term effects of early punishment can be detrimental. Reading the article really highlighted how making one small mistake when you're young and growing up can affect you for the rest of your life. Sometimes, it's crazy to see how something you didn't even think was that serious can follow you for life. This could be anything from a misdemeanor and getting fined, or actually having it on your criminal record forever. This could ultimately impact their job opportunities, their college applications, and much more, for something they did when they were growing up - research shows that the brain is not fully developed until your mid-20s, maybe even later. However, on the other hand, I definitely do think there are some cases where the punishment should follow them. These might be cases of sexual assault or greater degrees of violence. In these cases, I think it is necessary to have it on your record as it is a serious crime.  Therefore, I think the long term effects really depend on the actual crime too.

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How War on Drugs contributed to mass incarceration

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How War on Drugs contributed to mass incarceration

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When the War on Drugs campaign started, media depicted a lot of addicts to be low-income people of color. This led to an association between drugs and these groups of people. The criminalization of drugs affected how the public looked at these groups of people. It made those groups look like they are immoral and always against the law. This created a subconscious stereotype that black and hispanic people are criminals and will not be beneficial to society even though a lot of the population in those groups do not do drugs at all. This stereotype might have even encouraged a lot of black and brown people to go into the drug system because the nation doesn't respect them as people anyways.

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Near the end of the video, commissioner Hassan David’s comments really stuck with me. He commented that once a child is involved in the system it is likely that they will continue to be involved or be moved to the adult system. When people are incarcerated for minor offenses such as disputes with teachers, tardiness, and school yard fights,  it normalizes a trajectory that is likely to lead to incarceration. I also found the ‘cradle to grave’ reference powerful. The video mentioned that your parent has likely already spent time behind bars before you're even born. When you know someone who has been to jail, is continuously involved in the system, and their behaviors aren’t changing when they leave prison, helps convey what commissioner Hassan David said---> If you are involved in the system once, then it's likely that you will continue to be involved again.

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It can really impact a community when there is a normalization of incarceration. It really resonated with me when they mentioned how once your family is in jail, the chance you will end up there will significantly increase. To dive in further, I think this can be due to many different reasons. Firstly, I think by being familiar with incarceration and being in a community where many people are consistently put in jail, it becomes normalized and the consequences seem less fazing. I have even heard that some people call it a "rite of passage". Because of that mentality, people can become more fearless or uncaring, and as a result, put themselves in more trouble and be even worse off. Behaviors won't change and instead, different values are passed down. This is a feedback system that becomes negative and allows for communities to become even more bad. I also believe that sometimes people have the tendency to believe they are unworthy when they see their parents be incarcerated, and as a result, never strive for more.

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Just as we have been discussing about Jim Crow and the Civil Rights Movement, the school to prison and foster care to prison pipeline also systematically targets racial minorities and those with disabilities and ensures that they remain without a way to “get out” and increase their socioeconomic status. Minority and low-income students remain in the same class as their parents based on social reproduction because of sustained lack of opportunities in school and in the workplace. The inadequate resources in schools and zero-tolerance policies that these children are susceptible to then contribute to the school to prison pipeline. The students are not given the resources to succeed like their white peers, perform poorly academically, and as a result are punished for something that was not within their control; they are pushed into prisons because of the disciplinary practices that schools carry out. The school to prison or foster care to prison pipeline essentially is a modern-day rendering of the Jim Crow laws, making black Americans “less than” white Americans and forcing them out of schools into prisons reinforcing social reproduction.

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Zero-Tolerance policies are ineffective in my opinion. Just like with education and different learning styles, students cannot all be punished regardless of their circumstances, history, and other contributing factors. Though these policies may have been enacted with good intentions of keeping students safe, preventing drug abuse, and violence in schools, they are enforcing racial biases and keeping students out of school. It is doing more harm than good. As the graph shows, Black, American Indian, and Latino students are disproportionately disciplined compared to White and Asian students. A possible explanation may be biases teachers hold or using precedent of racial differences in rates of misbehavior as a ruler. Zero-tolerance policies just put students at greater risk for dropping out and feed into the school to prison pipeline. Minority students are held to a different, more harsher standard than their white counterparts and punished for seemingly minor acts. Rather than contacting psychological care and trying to provide productive help for these students, they are taken by law enforcement, arrested, and criminalized.

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I think racial discrimination is quite obvious here; especially with the graph showing the composition for the reasons of the arrest. While the number of cases is a lot greater for black male, the causes are minor issues such as trespassing whereas the cause of arrest is more severe for white males such as drug issues. Aside from the causes of arrest contributing to the differences in suspension rate by race; another factor would be family background and as the video we watched suggested, "the cycle of prison" (the kids' parents or uncle being behind bard already for maybe another minor cause). This cycle gets repeated and repeated but would be more unlikely for maybe Asian or white kids.

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My first response from the quote was that it is a very despairing fact and creates this "cycle of incarceration" from generations to generations. As the kids' parent's or relatives are in prison, either they are then not cared for properly or that they would be psychologically affected, it would all lead to an increased chance of them being incarcerated. I think it is really sad that the kids may fall into the thinking of prison being part of their destiny. On top of this, there is the zero-tolerance policy, where even a minor offense would send them to prison.

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I believe the school to prison pipeline and foster care to prison pipeline tie in with previous discussions by showing how American hasn't really changed too much throughout time but just changed the images that make it up. The main ideals put up by the founding fathers are still in place, however these ideals of racism and thriving by workin on the backs of minorities has been manifesting since the beginning.

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Due to the fact that African Americans first arrived on the continent as slaves in 1619, people of color were looked down upon for centuries and this has contributed to the practice of segregating students in schools as well.

To my understandings, there are two types of segregation.

De Jure

Policies of segregation enforced by law

Appliances such as water fountains previously segregated by race under the idea of separate but equal

People of different race not being able to share waiting rooms

De Facto

Policies of segregation not enforced by law but is customary to the society or enforced by local businesses

Businesses previously had the right to refuse service to certain people based on their race

Harassment to the colored homeowners and neighborhoods

While De Jure segregation policies disappeared mostly over time, some De Jure policies remain to stand - an unfortunate fact.

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We have previously explored how residence and school assignment are closely linked due to the widespread tradition of locally controlled schools, and this residential segregation is related to growing income inequality in the United States. According to the podcast “The Problem We All Live With” by This American Life we listened to last week, African Americans and Mexicans live in worse neighborhoods on average due to income inequality and thus receive education of worse quality, further increasing the gap between them and others. The school to prison pipeline only worsens this situation, contributing to further inequality and resegregation.

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The PBS article does a nice job laying out the concrete effects that an early citation can have on a child's life. Rollins was a nice case study, as a fight that he got into during school is having serious and lingering consequences. He is forced to list his misdemeanor on his college applications, drivers license application, and job applications. Of course, human minds are biased, and when you have a young black man forced to identify himself as "violent," most people won't see much else. That could have a seriously concrete and unfair impact on his life. I say unfair because the punishment DOES NOT fit the crime. Additionally, I can only imagine the psychological effects it has on Rollins himself. By constantly having to remind yourself and others of a mistake you made, you start to define yourself by that mistake. That is no way to gain closure or foster growth by an incident.

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The PBS article analyzed some of the more objective and essential questions that students faces when education is enforced on them at an early stage. There are actually many consequences of education being ended up being worse than it has to be. First of all, students might not have developed a full understanding of what certain actions or responses mean, and punishment could act as discouragement and would influence their perception moving forward. Because it is usually a more fragile time for the students as they are relatively young, it is more likely for them to carry on that experience whether or not it was good for them.

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The sentiment communicated in the video is that many children are born into societies in which society considers them criminals. Many children are born with family members who have gone to prison, and society tells them that they are bound for prison too. That message is communicated subtly by creating any infraction as a criminal offense. The video pointed out that many children are charged criminally for schoolyard offenses and disagreements with teachers. The bottom line of the video is that, everyone in a child's life seems to be expecting him/her to go to jail, and inevitably those expectations breed reality. Once tiny infractions land children in court rooms at young age, their experience  with the criminal justice system becomes normalized, and data reveals that they are most likely going to end up back there. That comfortability is incredibly dangerous.

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When adolescents commit crimes and are punished, they live in the perception and prejudice of others who regard themselves as criminals even after they become adults. And it's not easy for them to get a job. Even after being punished, they feel that they have no future, so they give up their lives rather than trying to adapt to society again. As written on the article, people who are punished early when they are young are more likely to drop out of school. In addition, there is a high possibility that they will commit other crimes even when they come to society by learning another crime in a prison or juvenile. Therefore, for juvenile crimes, prevention is more important than punishment, and edification should take precedence over punishing them. Adolescents commit crimes often because of the effects of poor and unfavorable circumstances. Society shouldn't leave them in a situation that leads them to commit crimes and hold them all accountable. In order to reduce the crime rate of adolescents, crime prevention education is more important than strengthening punishment. Adolescence is the time to learn a lot before becoming an adult and entering society. Since the younger they are, the more likely they are to become edified, so it is important not only to punish their crimes but also to lead them to live a right life.

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School to Prison & Foster Care to Prison Pipeline

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School to Prison & Foster Care to Prison Pipeline

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This is yet another example of good intentions going bad due to ineffective execution. Although the concept of having a learning environment for people who are in disadvantaged positions is good, it is ultimately the government's policy that created unexpected consequences that leads to even more segregation. On top of that, prison pipeline might not be the most idea way of education for many reasons - the resources are skewed in a way that they are not evenly distributed - planned in a fair way in the first place, and thus the education that they receive is actually not equally as qualified

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I think the normalization of incarceration within specific communities instills the mindset that no matter what actions one takes, they will be seen as a criminal and they will be punished. They have no other option because people would not give them the liberty of seeing them in a different light. After years and years of this mentality, this drastically effects people-especially teenagers-in truly recognizing their potential and that there is a life for them outside of crime.

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The trends seen on the graph below clearly indicate a racial bias to some extent, though the minorities who are suspended at higher rates are economically disadvantaged, and intuitively, there is a correlation between the two.
What is interesting about zero-tolerance policies is that they started in a way that most of us would have trouble disagreeing with. They started with the Guns Free Schools Act, which was signed by Clinton in an effort to zero-tolerance towards students who bring guns to schools.
Obviously, since then, zero-tolerance policies have only succeeded in keeping kids out of school and out in the streets or at home, so they counteract their initial intention. However, it is hard to see what the alternative could be? We could have more disciplinarians at school, but that is a tough job for most and it goes back to the "daycare versus school" conversation.

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Some people have not committed any crimes, but because their parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, or neighbors were criminals, it is believed that they will also follow the pipeline ​​school to prison under the influence of normalization. This really can lead to the vicious cycle of becoming criminals from generation to generation because negative perception and prejudice can make people who are in that certain communities really follow the pipeline. However, there are so many different elements that make up a person. Race, nationality, class, age, region of origin, ideology, taste, etc. It is impossible to easily classify and judge someone based on just one or two of them. According to a survey, black crime rates are higher than both Hispanic and White. However, in fact, it doesn't mean that we can generalize all the black people and conclude that they will eventually follow the pipe line to prison and become criminals.

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The statistics and anecdotal evidence in readings clearly indicate that early punishment often prevents young adults from escaping the lifestyle and culture of crime. Going to jail, for instance, simply puts young adults in a non-constructive, de-humanizing environment that they have no chance of growing from to get better. While this doesn't matter so much for adults who know better, young adults absorb from their environment. Putting more dangerous people around someone because that someone was dangerous (talking of minor offenses of course) only worsens the problem.
In the long-term, more is to be gained in nurturing and educating kids from a very young age. They are harder to govern and teach when they become teens, but providing a wholesome, encouraging environment early is key to teaching them proper social skills. The statistics and anecdotal evidence clearly show that throwing young people from impoverished backgrounds in jail does not solve the issue.

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the article is very surprising due to the weight of the punishment on the students at such a young age. Aren't people allowed to make mistakes? We are just simply human, and especially at the young age which should even be more tolerant because at this age students should learn from their mistakes. By putting so much pressure on the students for being right is not ideal, and it also take away the students ability of forgiving others.
On the other hand, school should allow disciplines, because that is one of the skill need and take a long time to train.
The question now becomes what is the right level of punishment to the students? We do not want them to feel like the world ends when they make mistake, but they need to learn from their mistakes. This is the time when they need the parents or adults to guide them.

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War on Drugs is the source supply to incarceration in the US

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War on Drugs is the source supply to incarceration in the US

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War on Drugs targets what class in population? With no surprise, it targets the low-income population especially during the time when a lot of blue colar jobs were taken away from low class. The rule at the time even put people process small amount of majuanna. Without jobs, these people were forced to position of selling drugs. With all of the conditions above, the government were putting these human beings into the incarceration system.

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The justice system contributes to the school prison pipeline, as kids who  punished by the justice system aren't learning from they're mistake are stuck in an instutionzlized mindset.  The small charges they receive are just a slap on the wrist as it won't change their mindset, it'll just make them want to be more careful next time they commit a crime. In order to truly help disadvantaged kids stuck in the pipeline would their mindset needs to change. For example in Norway their prison are much different than ours and they try to teach people their wrongs.
https://www.businessinsider.com/norways-prisons-are-better-than-the-american-prisons-2018-6

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The flaw in the justice system contributes to the school to prison pipeline. As mentioned in the sources provided. Certain low income whites are afraid that the civil rights movement have gave blacks too much rights. This causes certain implicit bias in the justice system as more police pull over blacks to bump up the number of people being arrested due to minor crimes. The federal agencies also incentivize such action from the cops to pull over many cars for such an arrest. This may be good, but the fact is that most black people do not commit crimes and this means that they are being racially profiled into an interrogation procedure with the cops. This may lead to certain "resistance" against cops by the person being pulled over, and this results in police brutality at times. This relates to schools as kids are being sent in jail for minor crimes, and being let out and sent back frequently. This will eventually build a prison pipeline for these kids as the mind set of these kids will not change.

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Correlation between school  and Foster care to prison to Civil Rights movement

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Correlation between school  and Foster care to prison to Civil Rights movement

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A large of part of the pipeline to prison has to do with the unequal environment that many minority children are raised in. Without a great support system for children to grow in, they will likely made choices that are not the most rational. The pipelines also hint to the ineffective actions that many authorities are doing, and not much progress is being made to address racial issues brought up by the Jim Crow laws and the Civil rights movement.

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Lasting impacts of early punishment for students

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Lasting impacts of early punishment for students

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I believe it is rational to think that students who are punished early on in their childhood will have a different perspective of the justice system and even a hatred for the punishments that they received. One direct response in the article provided above is that: "Research has shown the earlier a student comes into contact with the justice system, the more likely they are to drop out of school, according to Fowler" (Bryan). Another way that early punishment may have detrimental effects is that the punishments seem to have a heavy target for minority and low-income children. If, say, in a neighborhood, only the children who are of color and come from families with low-income are subjugated to these punishment, it will likely cause a lasting resentment for they way that they are treated.

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Some long term effects of early punishments on kids especially by the justice system would be resentment of the law. As the law sent to the time for their minor infractions they committed, they wouldn't see they crime committed as what was fault for them in prism, but rather the police/ the law to being the problem. The general thinking for such a case is if a child is punished they typically wouldn't do the thing that got them the punishment again. However, if one were to grow in a local neigherbohhd they might have to do the thing that got the punishment again, meaning that those childern in such a position would just see the law as an obstacle in their life.

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When the War on Drugs policy was first introduced, the media and news depicted drug addicts to be mostly low income people of color. This perception gave citizens a false stereotype to judge this group of people on, and this is extremely unfair and unjust. This perception resulted in people ratting people who fit this description out, and then the mass incarceration further exacerbates the image for low income African Americans. With high bail prices, these people could never get out of jail while richer folks who could afford to buy their way out will not be reflected on this stereotype of what a drug addict is like. This causes a type of cycle that really is just misleading.

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Overall, I think that the long-term effects of early punishment on students lead to a host of negative outcomes. Perhaps most notable amongst these possible negative outcomes include exposure to the school to prison pipeline. One such evidence is from the school to prison video that we watched. Commissioner Hasan Davis talked about the unfortunate results when a child has early exposure to the criminal justice system. He talked about how the data does not lie, and that young people/adolescents who have contact with the juvenile justice system are much more likely to have continued contact as adults. He talked about the experience of early juvenile detainment and how it is very hard for children not to internalize these experiences and begin to believe that this is who they are or where they belong. This is because these experiences may occur early on during more formative years, and it may be very difficult for children to get over or forget about such experiences.

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the evidence is clear that zero-tolerance policies contribute to the pipeline. Here we see that black students are very disproportionally suspended more often than when compared to students of other races. After this comes American Indian and then Latino. Thus, we can see that students of color are being suspended much more frequently than white students due to these zero-tolerance policies. As far as why this occurs, I know of no other way to describe it other than it is just simple discrimination and racism. Perhaps a large part of the reason why this rate has increased over time is due to the adoption of zero-tolerance policies but in particular in schools where the majority of the students belong to an ethnic minority. On continuation, we see the data of the school referrals for black vs white students. First of all, we see that black students were much more likely to have referrals than white students. On continuation, we see a significant difference in the types of offenses that these students are referred for. Black students are more often referred for much more serious offenses, such as assault/battery or disorderly conduct. White students, on the other hand, were more likely to be referred for more minor offenses, such as alcohol misuse or vandalism. Thus, we see that students of color are treated much more harshly when it comes to school offenses.

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I believe that zero tolerance policies are absolutely absurd. Based on all the data and facts that I have researched and come across, a huge number of students are penalized and sent into the justice system for such minor offences like talking back or "making a gun out of your finger"
At the same time, what makes the situation worse, as explained by the graphs(black and latino students are unfairly charged as guilty more often and perhaps even for rather minor things as compared to their white counterparts), is because of the general perceptions and stereotypes that people enforcing these policies have(partly due to general thinking, influenced by media).
Zero tolerance pipelines have contributed to the prison pipeline in a big way as even a minor inconvenience caused, a negligible mistake, or even perhaps a minor misunderstanding can a student to prison. And we all know, there is not much coming back from there, as supported empirically too.
I do not believe these policies are good at disciplining students. They only spread fear and a sense that students don't belong. In a lot of cases, it can make a student feel as if the world sees him as a criminal, which accompanied by human psychology can only contribute to hostility.

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Psychology is a very strong determinant of any human's behavior and perspective as to how he or she views the world.
As an individual, it is even impossible for me to imagine how I would turn out and what my behavior would be like if I was exposed to a certain life where people and social institutions see me as a criminal at such a young age.
The obvious fact is that once incarceration is normalized and an individual starts feeling that no matter what he does, he will be seen and perhaps treated as nothing more than a criminal, his perspective towards crime will change a lot. He or she might be less reluctant to commit a crime as they feel that the whole system is working against them and their community even. If this won't contribute to the pipeline, I as an individual, don't know what will.

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I think this question is really complex. I don't think this one article could fully elaborate on the issue, and I also think due to individual differences, there are should also be different solutions regarding to this one issue. Firstly, I do believe that children in a young age is their best time to shape behavior, and learning the importance of rules and laws would allow children to be more proper behaved citizens in my personal point of view and from my review of this article. In China, there is a saying in translation would be: physical punishment would allow children to grow better. However, I do think long-term affect would not be pleasing towards early punishment. Rollins could result in afraid of fighting back when being bullying and his life might be ruined. I think there's normally two sides on one issue, so there is no one side attitude towards this.

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My respond to the quote is my question to equality or to racist. In the video, there are more colored races especially black race comparing to the scenes of problematic white children. Like question three has mentioned, the truth, or the reality behind is that Rollins is only fighting back for the first time from all tolerant he already have from school bullying. However, because of this one time, he was arrested and punished hard. There is a description towards children as immature. They are unable to be responsible for their behave, and they behave the way that their society teaches them to. Because the surrounding has been to jail sooner or later, jail would be part of their destiny. That says, because of the lack of justice or the laziness of the society not wanting to deep out some truth or reality, incarceration would be parts of those children's life, but laws and limitations would not, which is why the police officer in the video says that the children who had interaction with them would likely continuously have interaction with them later in those children's life.

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War on Drugs and Modern Mass Incarceration Rates

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War on Drugs and Modern Mass Incarceration Rates

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War on Drugs is one of the most significant influences on the modern mass incarceration rates. With the beginning of Nixon’s administration, stricter drug laws were implemented, increasing prison sentences for drug distributors and users. The drug prosecutions targeted black and brown communities. Even though there is evidence suggesting that people of all colors use and sell illegal drugs at similar rates, blacks and Latinos represent approximately 90% of the criminals incarcerated for drug-related offense in some states. Stricter drug laws also increased the arrest of black women. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the arrest of black women for drug-related crimes grew by 828 percent. This increase was approximately triple that of the white women, and double that of the black men. In fact, by the early 20th century “one in every three hundred black women had been incarcerated in the United States, as opposed to one in every 704 Latinas and one in 1,099 white females.” The war on drugs is an ongoing issue that started in 1971. The image below clearly shows the drastic significance of the War on Drugs plays in the current age of mass incarceration.

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Normalization of the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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Normalization of the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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This video was so sad and hard to watch as it suggests that children born in the communities where going to prison is normalized will eventually find themselves in prison one day, just because they are born into that environment. It was really sad to read and watch about the high levels of incarceration rates for children, most caused by minor crimes. Putting children to prisons at a young age for very minor crimes doesn't allow them to learn from that experience, but it rather shows them that they cannot escape their faith of being incarcerated

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I think the long term effects of early punishment can be very varying depending on the current mental state and environment of the child. In some cases it could definitely be a wake up call for a change in the case that someone could be caught up in the wrong crowd at the wrong time, but at the same time it could definitely go wrong. This can be a big hit to early confidence and can make it seem like this is the only road for the child. If there is previous history in the family it could be seen as "living up to expectation" and start a long road down the rabbit hole of re-offence

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The zero tolerance has clearly implicated a stronger pipeline from school to prison. Some children have been brought up in environments that will have a larger tendency to be involved in crime. With a zero tendency there is a larger chance that these kids will be caught up in crime and never get the chance to have a second chance. At a younger age there definitely could be a benefit from a warning and not allowing there to be a one chance at a better life.

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Representation is important, and I think in this time we are learning more and more about that in a positive light through film, and TV. However, in juxtaposition when the “war on drugs” was advertised it was through black and brown bodies and faces. Then by linking drugs to crime, instead of addiction and rehabilitation, minorities are then seen even more in a criminal lens. In essence black addiction is criminalized while white addiction is idolized. We see black addiction as the cause of large social issues with large systemic outcomes, but white addiction as a white collar, faced paced, “wolf of wall street” type.

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People of color experience discrimination at every stage of the criminal justice system.

The drug war has produced profoundly unequal outcomes across racial groups, manifested through racial discrimination by law enforcement and disproportionate drug war misery suffered by communities of color.

Many different communities of color bear the impact of the discriminatory enforcement of drug laws. This impact may vary across cities and regions. Nationwide, some of the most egregious racial disparities can be seen in the case of African Americans and Latinos.

Higher arrest and incarceration rates for these communities are not reflective of increased prevalence of drug use, but rather of law enforcement's focus on urban areas, lower income communities and communities of color.

Disparities in arrests and incarceration are seen for both drug possession law violations as well as low-level sales. Those selling small amounts of drugs to support their own drug use may go to jail for decades. This unequal enforcement ignores the universality of drug dependency, as well as the universal appeal of drugs themselves.

We believe that the mass criminalization of people of color, particularly young African Americans, is as profound a system of racial control as the Jim Crow laws were in this country until the mid-1960s.

A History of the Racist War on Drugs

This video from hip hop legend Shawn "Jay Z" Carter and acclaimed artist Molly Crabapple depicts the drug war's devastating impact on the Black community from decades of biased law enforcement.

The video traces the drug war from President Nixon to the draconian Rockefeller Drug Laws to the emerging aboveground marijuana market that is poised to make legal millions for wealthy investors doing the same thing that generations of people of color have been arrested and locked up for.

The Facts

The Drug War Drives Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System

Misguided drug laws and draconian sentencing have produced profoundly unequal outcomes for communities of color.

People of color experience discrimination at every stage of the criminal justice system and are more likely to be stopped, searched, arrested, convicted, harshly sentenced and saddled with a lifelong criminal record. This is particularly the case for drug law violations.

Nearly 80% of people in federal prison and almost 60% of people in state prison for drug offenses are black or Latino.

Research shows that prosecutors are twice as likely to pursue a mandatory minimum sentence for black people as for white people charged with the same offense. Among people who received a mandatory minimum sentence in 2011, 38% were Latino and 31% were black.

Black people and Native Americans are more likely to be killed by law enforcement than other racial or ethnic groups. They are often stereotyped as being violent or addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Experts believe that stigma and racism may play a major role in police-community interactions.

Other racial groups are also impacted by the drug war, but the disparities with these highlighted groups are particularly stark and well documented.

Learn about how the drug war has affected Latinx communities.

The Fentanyl Era

Despite the recent emergence of fentanyl in the illegal market, lengthy sentences have been on the books for decades. They have not stopped the spread of fentanyl. At the federal level, pre-existing penalties range from a five-year mandatory minimum sentence for a first offense to life without parole for a third conviction. With the majority (75%) of those currently federally sentenced for fentanyl trafficking being people of color, these laws threaten to only exacerbate racial disparities in the criminal justice system.

See our fentanyl report to learn about health-centered solutions to the overdose crisis.

The Drug War Fuels Widespread Detentions and Deportations

For noncitizens, including legal permanent residents, any drug law violation can trigger automatic detention and deportation - often without the possibility of return.

People deported for drug law violations are sent back to their countries of origin, where they may no longer have any ties to family or community. They may lack basic survival needs like food, housing and health services, and may face serious threats to their security. They are usually barred from reentering the United States, often for life. The result is thousands of families broken and communities torn apart every year.

More than 250,000 people have been deported from the United States for drug law violations every year since 2007.

A 2015 report by Human Rights Watch found that deportations for drug possession offenses increased by 43% from 2007 to 2012.

Simple marijuana possession was the fourth most common cause of deportation for any offense in 2013, and the most common cause of deportation for drug law violations. More than 13,000 people were deported in 2012 and 2013 just for marijuana possession.

The Drug War Produces Lifelong Collateral Consequences

Punishment for a drug law violation is not only meted out by the criminal justice system, but is also perpetuated by policies denying child custody, voting rights, employment, business loans, licensing, student aid, public housing and other public assistance to people with criminal convictions.

These exclusions create a permanent second-class status for millions of Americans. Like drug war enforcement itself, they fall disproportionately on people of color.

One in 13 black people of voting age are denied the right to vote because of laws that disenfranchise people with felony convictions.

One in nine black children has an incarcerated parent, compared to one in 28 Latino children and one in 57 white children.

Our Priorities

The Drug Policy Alliance is committed to exposing discrimination and disproportionate drug law enforcement, as well as the systems that perpetuate them. We work to eliminate policies that result in the unfair criminalization of communities of color by rolling back harsh mandatory minimum sentences and by addressing on the rampant over-policing of these communities.

We advocate for:

Decriminalizing drug possession to remove a major cause of the disproportionate arrest and incarceration of people of color. This would help more people receive drug treatment when appropriate and redirect law enforcement resources to programs that help build healthier communities.

Eliminating policies that result in disproportionate arrest and incarceration rates. This includes changing police practices, rolling back harsh mandatory minimum sentences, and eliminating sentencing disparities.

Ending policies that permanently exclude people with a drug arrest or conviction from key rights and opportunities. These include barriers to voting, employment, loans, financial aid, child custody, public housing and other public assistance.

Providing access to wraparound services outside the criminal justice system so that police don't end up being the only place people can go for help.

Adopting pre-plea diversion programs that allow people with minor drug charges to successfully participate in treatment or other programming without having to enter a guilty plea - since a guilty plea is often what triggers federal immigration consequences, including deportation.

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People of color experience discrimination at every stage of the criminal justice system.The drug war has produced profoundly unequal outcomes across racial groups, manifested through racial discrimination by law enforcement and disproportionate drug war misery suffered by communities of color.

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The trend in zero tolerance policy disproportionately affects minority students in that they are the students that are facing the affects of systemic racism. Therefore by not allowing a pathway to assist these students and rather expelling them save their federal funding, perpetuating the cycle of systemic racism. I think it is also most frustrating because it creates a reputation of minorities being “bad people,” when truly most times minority students are labeled as “acting out” or “violent” they are a result of frustration, anger, and helplessness in their everyday lives.