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Where:  Mainly in Eastern Mediterranean.

Why:
1) Prevent further spread of Islam.
2) Recapture former Christian territories.

So what:
1) It begins an era of persecution and war against non-Christians.
2) New ideas and discoveries come to Europe from the Muslim world.

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- African civilizations begin interactions with Europe (respectively; they do not know of each other)
- Slavery in Europe begins to decline

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Mongol Invasion in Europe Begins

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1242 Europeans Attempt to Unify Forces Against Mongol Invaders

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1242 Europeans Attempt to Unify Forces Against Mongol Invaders

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(Unsuccessful)
European forces are utterly annihilated by Mongolian raids, forcing them back.

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Naples, Italy

Aquinas writes out his philosophy on the forms of justice, and how to maintain it during a war:
1) There must be a cause.
2) There must be a sovereign/authority to answer to.
3) There must be an internal desire/will to fight for the above.

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14th Century: European Serfdom begins to decline

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14th Century: European Serfdom begins to decline

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Result of the Bubonic Plague
Slavery was also having decline

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Where: At this point in time, Europe was devastated by this pandemic.

Why: It originated from rats in China. It was spread from rats through ships and trade.

So what:
1) This pandemic made labor much more valuable. Therefore, slavery also became valuable once again.
2) It caused a need for Europeans to explore other places to find laborers.

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Spanish sailors finally make landfall on the Canary Islands. They slowly set up bases and conquer the islands one by one.

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First African territory to be seized by Europe.

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- Gregory XII, John XXIII, Benedict XIII
- Strong Catholic influence and power over Europe

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Portugal is the First European Country to Explore Outside of Europe.

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Why: Ottomans took over Constantinople and obtained one of the most important trade routes in the Mediterranean.

So what:
1) Europeans felt threatened by the approaching Islamic world.
2) It was an external reason for the Europeans to start exploring the West.

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1478 Bartholomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope

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1478 Bartholomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope

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Exploration for Portgual

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Elmina becomes the largest base for slave exports in the world

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European diseases kill Guanche after successfully defending themselves against Spain for seven years.

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Becomes major port in the slave trade

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1492 Muslim Granada is Defeated by Castile and Aragon (Spain)

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1492 Muslim Granada is Defeated by Castile and Aragon (Spain)

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1492 Christopher Columbus Explores the Bahamas

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1492 Christopher Columbus Explores the Bahamas

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Exploration for Spain

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1493 Christopher Columbus Explores Hispaniola

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1493 Christopher Columbus Explores Hispaniola

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Exploration for Spain

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Pope grants Portugal all land east of the line of demarcation, and grants Spain all land east of the line

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Giovanni Cabotini, known today as John Cabot, begins his exploration of present-day Canada. Meanwhile, Ameirgo Vespucci begins mapping out the territory that will soon be named after him: the Americas.

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1499 Vasco da Gama Explores Indian subcontinent

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1499 Vasco da Gama Explores Indian subcontinent

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Exploration for Portugal; brings back important goods such as spices

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As the Turks get closer to the heart of Europe, the various Christian nations begin to coalesce there forces in hopes of impeding them.

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Pope Paul III's condemnation of the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Americas and his attempt at humanizing them to Europeans.

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Juan Gines de Sepulveda justifies conquest over other lands using Christianity.

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Major base for slave trade.
Rather than outright conquering, the Portuguese opted for a slow, gradual settlement of strongholds and conversions over the course of several hundred years.

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1580 Spain and Portugal Unite Under the Habsburg Dynasty

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1580 Spain and Portugal Unite Under the Habsburg Dynasty

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The English establish this colony called Roanoke. The colony eventually fell and presumably, all the colonists died from Native Americans.

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Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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Fort Orange was a Dutch settlement in the Americas. It is located in the present-day city of Albany.