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Some of the major strikes that occurred during this time included the:
- Pullman Strike: The Pullman company laid off 3,000 to 5,800 of their employees wages by 25 to 50% for the rest of their employees during the panic of 1893 and the depression that followed it. In 1984, workers held a strike against the Pullman Company which ended only when federal troops came to defuse the conflict.
- Homestead Strike: After the announcement was made that all workers at the Carnegie Steel Company's Homestead plant would be receiving a cut in wage after the already horrible conditions, the workers decided they'd had enough. In 1892, the workers held a strike against the company. After the company president, Henry Clay Frick hired men from the Pinkerton Detective Agency to disassemble the strike and all was said and done, at least 3 detectives and 9 workers were dead, and little to no change was made.
-Haymarket Affair: In 1886, after a striker was killed and several had been wounded at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago the day before, 3,000 people gathered in Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. After someone threw a bomb into the police line and police then opened fire on the protester's, there ended up being 7 police officers and several workers dead. While it was never found who threw the bomb, 8 people were convicted for inciting the riot; 4 were hanged and one committed suicide in prison.
-Patterson Silk Strike: There was a large local strike against silk in 1913 in Patterson. This strike took place due to the large sum of children working in the silk industry at the time.

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Here is a short list of some of the tactics large corporations used against unions at the time:
-Lockout
-Private Guards
-Scabs
-Blacklists
-State Militias
-Strikebreakers
-Yellow Dog Contract
-Court Injunctions

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Here are some short descriptions of a few of the many unions organized at the time:
-National Labor Union (1866):
-Organized all people, both skilled and  unskilled, agricultural and industrial workers
-Requested higher wages, 8-hour work day's, equal rights, monetary reform and worker cooperatives
-Died out around 1877 due to failed strikes and depression
-The Knights of Labor (1869):
-Founded in secret for Philadelphia tailors
-By 1879, the Knights of Labor had organized themselves as a national industrial union open to all workers, with the only exceptions including lawyers, bankers, gamblers, and liquor dealers
-10% of members were African-Americans
-Wanted to bring reforms in working conditions and in society at-large
-Failed due to violence and too large a demographic
-The AFL (1886):
-Used strikes and boycotts to push collective bargaining
-Primary voice of labor
-Issues tackled: improved wages, shorter work days and weeks, and worker safety; less concerned with reforming society
-Consisted of strictly skilled craftworkers
-Over 1 million members
-Founded by a man who's name was Sam Gompers. He came over as a jewish dutch immigrant with his family. He was very poor when he came hear and began working in small factories, but he eventually made his way up and eventually founded AFL.

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During these difficult times, children would often have to forfeit the futures and going to school to help their families make ends meet. They would take jobs in factories with poor conditions and dangerous machines, only to get paid pennies. There was a woman by the name of Mary Harris Jones though who sought equal pay for equal work, better working conditions, and to put an end to child labor. She endured death threats as well as jail, where she was given the nickname "Mother Jones". In 1903, in order to expose the cruelties of child labor, she led 80 mill children, many with horrible injuries, on a march to the home of president Theodore Roosevelt. She ended up influencing President Roosevelt to the point where he even passed child labor laws.

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Pros and Cons of Robber Barons and Vertical and Horizontal integration 

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Pros and Cons of Robber Barons and Vertical and Horizontal integration 

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Pros:
-Resulted in much faster and efficient production of products with vertical and horizontal integration, as seen with the Carnegie Steel Company, the Rockefeller Oil Company, and the Vanderbilt Railroad Company
Cons:
-Lots of corruption, as seen with the Rockefeller, Carnegie, and especially Vanderbilt
-Monopolization of entire organizations as seen with the Rockefeller Oil Company and Vanderbilt's Railroad Company

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Working conditions in the factories/sweatshops

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Working conditions in the factories/sweatshops

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Working conditions in sweatshops and factories were horrible. There were little to no regulations for safety, workers worked 12 or more hours a day, 6 days a week, were given no vacation, no sick leave, no unemployment compensation, or reimbursement for the many injuries sustained on the job. And at the end of it all, children who would work for 14 hours would often be paid as little as 27 cents. While all of this suffering was endured by the many workers in these factories, as women made $267 dollars a year while men made $498, Andrew Carnegie made nearly $23 million. With no income tax.

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While many workers complained that they were not making enough money, their employers were insistent that they should not earn much more than a subsistence income and that money should not be spend on safety measures. This ended up resulting in:
-An average of 35,000 workers dead (500,000 injured) per year in industrial accidents, with no workers' compensation.
-By 1890, the richest 9 percent of Americans held nearly 3/4 of all wealth in the United States. By 1900, their wealth had increased even more.
-By 1900, one in every eight American (approximately 10 million people) lived below the poverty line
-Census Bureau claimed that a subsistence income was $530