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Mesmerized to see their first plumules,
And how the cute little leaves emerge,
Happiness from getting full from their granules,
But as they grow our paths diverge.

Financial advisors always approach us,
“Invest and deposit your money in banks,”
Yet very few are courageous enough
To tell us to preserve the plant and clean our junks.

Parents remind their children to save,
“Save for yourself and for your future,”
Yet only few are really brave
To awaken our spirits towards nature.

As years and generations progress,
Not only leaves are falling down,
Life little by little as we may not know,
Tomorrow is not green and is filled with brown.

Forgotten forever as it may sound,
We still have this precious time,
With science and innovation as our rebound,
The solution starts in the ground.

But this hope remains hidden in the horizon,
Saving the future and what could be the weapon?
Like financial savings banks are to hold on,
Along with human skills, care and responsible action.

Seed banks as unfamiliar as it could be,
But without seeds only I can foresee -
A life so dull and stomachs are angry,
Hueless surroundings without diversity.

Nobody wants to be forgotten,
Who would want to succumb to oblivion?
Seeds deserve the same attention,
Seed banks are humanity’s top weapon.

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Did you enjoy reading the poem? The poem gives us a glimpse on what seed banks are and what could be their importance. In this portion, we will have a deeper discussion about it.

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Did you enjoy reading the poem? The poem gives us a glimpse on what seed banks are and what could be their importance. In this portion, we will have a deeper discussion about it.

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Seeds hold the power to regenerate plant species. Thus, there is a need to preserve them in suitable places to maintain genetic diversity and ensure that continuous proliferation of such species. These places are called SEED BANKS which are equipped with protective features vs flood, bombs, fires, and other environmental constraints detrimental to the seeds. Seed banks are mainly for the purpose of preservation of species genetic identity. These are important in several fields such as in agriculture where successful cultivars with high yields and pest resistance are preserved and could be genetically modified for food security, in industry where plant products are utilized, and in promoting biodiversity where the seed-bearing plants are needed to sustain the ecosystem [1-5]. The interesting thing about seed banks is that the seeds stored are still viable even after hundreds or even thousands of years. Therefore, seed banks also provide insights on the evolutionary journey of a plant species. At the same time, plants of great cultural and historical values are also preserved through seed banks. With the anthropogenically induced destruction of ecosystems as well as natural disasters, plants can easily go extinct. With the seeds stored in seed banks, faster recovery from these disastrous events is also possible [3-7].

In the Philippines, there are different community seed banks. In fact, the Philippines is considered among the country-pioneers of community seed banks for grains, legumes and spices due to the traditional and cultural importance of this practice in the Cordilleras region [6,8]. There is also a government-sponsored community seed bank in North Cotabato and an academic community seed bank under Bohol Island University in Tagbilaran City, Bohol [9]. Additionally, an organic seed bank for farmers in the northern regions of the country is also in the process of establishment [10].

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TOP 10 SEEDS IN SURIGAO DEL NORTE

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Rafflesia
A massive crimson flower

Having a putrid odor

Wistfully, its fate is doomed

Can we still see it bloom?

With its novelty, and uniqueness, there is a need to preserve Rafflesia (Rafflesia mixta) for future generations. Rafflesia mixta is a newly discovered species in Surigao del Norte and one of five Philippine Rafflesia species. Its flowers grow larger than 35 cm in diameter. Unlike most plants, it is a parasite wherein it thrives from the nutrients of Tetrastigma vine. However, rampant mining activities in the Caraga region pose a major threat and it is now critically endangered [11,12].

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We all once believed in fairy tales especially during our younger years. A beautiful fine young lady that has been sleeping for the longest time needs a kiss from her ‘prince charming’ to wake up. But as time passes by, we then realize that this is mere fantasy. A kiss is not powerful enough to wake up a princess. Yet in a different world of seeds, a kiss of water droplet (and more) may awaken a true sleeping beauty - the plant. Do you want to know how? Just continue reading.

Inactivity, sleeping phase, rest mode - yes these are what seeds do best and this is called SEED DORMANCY. During seed dormancy, completion of germination of a seed is blocked because of unfavorable conditions. Thus, seed dormancy ensures that when a seed germinates, the seedling will survive. It also occurs for seed dispersal over long distances. However, it is important to note the difference between dormant seeds and quiescent seeds wherein the latter needs to be rehydrated to germinate as opposed to dormant seeds that require other signals and treatments aside from water. Thus, different types of seed dormancy are observed and are classified based on the timing of dormancy onset: primary dormancy, secondary dormancy, coat-imposed dormancy, and embryo dormancy.

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In an astonishing world of plants, fantasy can become reality. “From this slumber she shall wake when true love’s kiss the spell shall break”. Seeds, much as in fairy tales, can be awakened by a kiss of water with the right environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen and light. Now, let us embark on a journey of seed germination and find out what makes water so magical for plants.

We've completed the sleeping process of the plants, and now it's time for them to awaken - SEED GERMINATION.
This is the fascinating transformation from a seed into a plant. As water is substantial, germination is divided into three phases in line with water uptake.

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Characteristics & features: failure to germinate under normal conditions; induced by abscisic acid (during seed maturation).

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Characteristics & features: occurs after primary dormancy is lost; triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions.

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Phacelia dubia (small-flower scorpionweed) becomes dormant when temperature is too low for germination.

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Avena sativa (oat) enters dormancy when exposed to extreme temperatures (higher than maximum threshold temperature for germination).

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Characteristics & features: seed dormancy due to embryo dormancy induced by inhibitory influences of surrounding tissues; physiological dormancy imposed by seed coat and other surrounding tissues.

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Water impermeability of surrounding tissues causes dormancy.

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Water impermeability of surrounding tissues causes dormancy.

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(a) Trifolium spp. (clover) and (b) Medicago spp. (alfalfa) are legumes that exhibit coat-imposed dormancy to survive in arid and semi-arid regions.

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Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus) seed possess waxy cuticle with lignified sclereids in its palisade layers to block entry of water.

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Mechanical constraints caused by thick-walled surrounding tissues and structures may block emergence of embryonic structures.

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Mechanical constraints caused by thick-walled surrounding tissues and structures may block emergence of embryonic structures.

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Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Coffea spp. (coffee) are all known coat-imposed dormant seeds due to their thick-walled endosperm which prevents the radicles from penetrating.

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Seed coats may interfere with gas exchange.

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Seed coats may interfere with gas exchange.

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Sinapis arvensis seeds have seed coats and surrounding tissues which are almost impermeable to oxygen thereby preventing germination.

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Inhibitory compounds against germination may remain because of seed coats.

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Inhibitory compounds against germination may remain because of seed coats.

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Mutant Arabidopsis seeds (mutation: transparent testa) enter dormancy because of increased amounts of secondary metabolites, specifically proanthocyanidins which are known inhibitors of germination. The seed coat may prevent escape of these compounds.

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Characteristics & features: dormancy innate to the embryo; no external factors involved.

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Cotyledons may inhibit complete seed germination.

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Cotyledons may inhibit complete seed germination.

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(a) Corylus avellana (European hazel) and (b) Fraxinus excelsior (European ash) seeds fail to germinate because of the inhibitory effects of cotyledons.

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(a) Apium graveolens and (b) Daucus carota seeds do not germinate when they do not reach the optimum seed size yet.

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Two phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA), serve as primary determinants of seed dormancy. The figure below will shed light on the role of these two.

Temperature and other environmental pressures influence ABA:GA ratios. During dormancy, there is synthesis of ABA while GA is broken down (catabolism). Opposite scenario is observed during germination. Genes which are the key targets of ABA and GA are shown in parentheses. The cascade of the shown pathway from the genetic level up to the seed response shows whether a seed will enter dormancy or germination.

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Several ways and factors may break seed dormancy:

1. Light - seeds may either require a short period of time of exposure to light; some may require days of exposure; seeds rely on light sensors (phytochromes) to germinate.

2. Period of after-ripening - seeds need to be stored in a dry place at room temperature to be released from dormancy; duration of storage varies per species.

3. Chilling/stratification - seeds require extremely low temperatures to germinate to ensure survival in the spring and prevent germination during fall

4. Various chemical compounds - seed dormancy may be broken by oxidants, respiratory inhibitors, sulfhydryl compounds and nitrogenous compounds; mechanism of these compounds mostly depends on altering ABA:GA ratio where ABA synthesis is down-regulated while GA production rate is increased.

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Life begins with a single seed

Before forming a bewildering weed

But, how does it prosper?

A mechanism like no other

Now, let us embark on embryogenesis

And uncover, how ravishing this is

A usual seed encompasses a seed coat, cotyledons (embryonic leaf), an embryo and endosperm (provides nutrition to the embryo). The development of the embryo happens via embryogenesis. Moreover, flowering plants are divided into two groups: eudicots and monocots based on their cotyledons having two seed leaves and one seed leaf respectively. Thus, embryogenesis differs with eudicots and monocots and these involve numerous stages.

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This is the first stage of embryo development following the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote. A small apical cell and an elongated cell arise from the polarized growth and succeeding asymmetric transverse division of the cell.

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A sequence of divisions occur in the apical cell, leading to a spherical, eight-cell (octant) globular embryo with radial symmetry (Like rays on a sun, bodily components are arranged around a core axis). Further cell divisions increase the amount of cells in the globular embryo, forming the protoderm, which subsequently becomes the epidermis.

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The two cotyledons (embryonic leaf) are formed by focused cell division in two locations on either side of the future shoot apical meristem, providing the embryo bilateral symmetry (opposite sides are similar).

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Throughout the embryonic axis, cell elongation and differentiation take place. There are visible differences between the upper and lower portions of the tissues of cotyledons.

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The embryo and seed lose water and become metabolically inert when they enter dormancy at the end of development. At the mature stage, storage compounds build up in the cells.

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Monocot embryogenesis is identical to that of eudicots, except there is no heart stage since there is only one cotyledon. Instead, globular stage is followed by coleoptile stage wherein the coleoptile (specialized tubular first leaf), root and shoot apical meristem, and radicle (embryonic root form) form. Subsequently, a juvenile vegetative stage occurs, protruding numerous vegetative leaves. Finally, the maturation stage similar to eudicots commences.

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Establishment of the apical-basal and radial axis

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Establishment of the apical-basal and radial axis

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As embryos develop and grow

Who to emerge and submerge we don’t know,

A term commonly encountered in chemistry,

Polarity in seed plants - a unifying identity.

The establishment of the apical-basal polarity is a common feature of all developing embryos of seed plants. This ensures arrangement of the tissues along the axis which extends from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to the root apical meristem (RAM). Structurally, the embryonic basal end contains large central vacuoles while its apical end is densely cytoplasmic.

After the first mitotic division of the zygote, the two daughter cells are distinguished based on their fates - apical and basal daughter cells (Note: The entire embryo is derived from the apical cell). The apical cell divides longitudinally twice followed by transverse divisions which eventually form the newly synthesized cell walls perpendicular to the apical-basal axis. This series of divisions results in an eight-celled globular embryo at the top. On the other hand, after several transverse divisions, the basal cell gives rise to the suspensor, an attaching organ between the embryo and the vascular tissues of the parent plant, and the hypophysis, the only structure to be incorporated into the embryo itself. The hypophysis then gives rise to some of the essential parts of RAM (columella, associated root cap tissues and quiescent center).

Now, remember the eight-celled embryo at the top? It will all undergo periclinal division where parallel arrangement between newly formed cell walls and tissue surfaces is observed and this forms the protoderm (the precursor for epidermis). The protoderm then divides anticlinally where new cell walls are perpendicular to the tissue surface and to widen the area of the one-celled tissue layer. The embryo then enters the globular stage where distinct fates of cells can now be enumerated as shown in the table below (click it to see in full resolution).

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Similar to how we aim to reach our destination, there is also a journey that needs to be traversed by the embryonic regions to reach its fate. Just like how we depend on our loved ones to achieve our dreams, the embryo relies on genes and hormones to fulfill its fate. The table below summarizes them.

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On the other hand, the establishment of the radial axis is mostly provided by the protoderm (precursor of epidermis). Protoderm as an outer layer receives signaling cues from the environment which in turn induce radial patterning.

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Phase 1: imbibition, the drinking stage.  

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Phase 1: imbibition, the drinking stage.  

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The seeds drink up and absorb water rapidly.

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This stage, imbibition has decreased and metabolic processes have begun to prepare for germination. There are various processes involved in this phase. Do you still remember the powerhouse of the cell? The mitochondria? These are restored from dehydration, and they can now participate in respiration and energy synthesis (ATP). Like humans, plants also have DNA and its repair mechanisms are activated. There is also the degradation of stored proteins and the synthesis of new proteins. Moreover, reserve mobilization occurs, this is the breakdown of stored macromolecules to produce substrates for energy and protein production and radicle protrusion. Furthermore, enzymes are also synthesized to loosen the cell wall and prepare for the next step. Finally, the emergence of the radicle, the primary root of the seed, marks the end of germination.

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Phase 3: Postgermination, increase of water uptake

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Phase 3: Postgermination, increase of water uptake

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As the seedlings become established, water absorption resumes. Processes such as respiration, mitochondrial repair, multiplication, and synthesis of new proteins continue. From DNA repair, the DNA is now intensively synthesized. The radicle continues to expand and major reserve mobilization continues and this commences in storage tissues. Finally, the seedlings mature, and expand.

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The mobilization of food reserves is substantial after germination in providing nutrients to the seedlings until this makes its own food via photosynthesis. The primary storage reserves are starch (carbohydrates), lipids (oil) and proteins.

Starch is the primary storage material in seeds and it is stored in amyloplasts (special cells) in cereals. Following the imbibition stage, we need again the hormone gibberellin which is produced in the scutellum (seed leaf). This is transported to the aleurone layer (the outer and secretory layer of endosperm). In this layer, gibberellin triggers the production of enzymes including α-amylase that degrade the starch and other molecules. The starch is converted to sugars; the endosperm solutes are then transported to the embryo.

Lipids are stored in oil bodies, specialized structures found in the endosperm and cotyledons. Triacylglycerides are the typical type of lipids which are broken down to small molecules of glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acids are transported to glyoxysome (a special structure for oil-storing seeds) following the conversion of the fatty acids to organic acids. The sugar sucrose is the final product, which is a nutrient for the developing embryo.

Proteins like humans are also needed by seedlings. These are stored in protein bodies. The enzyme phytase is needed to break down phytin for the release of phosphate and other nutrients for use by the seedlings.

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Have you ever been curious about how plants maintain their upright position? Or why do sunflowers face the sun? This is a phenomenon called tropism, a plant growth habit in response to directional stimuli. During the development of seedlings; gravity, light and touch affect the plant growth. This is divided into two: positive tropism involves the growth towards the stimulus (like the sunflower thrives toward the sunlight) and negative tropism which involves the growth away from the stimulus (roots of plants). There are several tropisms of plants but we will only focus on gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism.

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Gravitropism is the directed plant growth as a reaction to gravity. This allows the shoots to grow upright toward the sun for photosynthesis while enabling the roots to grow downward in the soil for the accumulation of nutrients and water.

A hormone is again in action! The auxin. This involves lateral distribution to the plant for it to display gravitropism.  From an experiment, the coleoptile tip (protective covering of the emerging shoot) of the horizontally oriented oat seedlings bend upward in response to gravity. This tip is able to detect gravity and redistribute auxin to the lower side. From the two agar blocks, auxin is allowed to diffuse from the upper and lower half. Thus, more auxin diffuses from the lower half as supported by its observed curvature. Most root auxin is derived from the shoot. Furthermore, auxin moves shootward or root word in the plant (polarization) which is gravity independent and necessitates energy.

In the roots, the root cap acts in gravity perception. This prompts auxin redirection and differential inhibition of the elongation in the root bending. This also houses the gravity sensors, statoliths in the statocytes enabling balance and orientation. From studies, pH and calcium ions (Ca2+) can act as second messengers of gravitropism signalling.

The pH in root cells are different when it acts on gravity sensing (increase of cytoplasmic pH; decrease of apoplastic pH).

Calcium is transported to the lower half of a gravity-stimulated root cap.

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A Tree of Philippine pride

Robust, massive, and wide

But can you still tolerate?

Logging? a woeful fate

Preservation of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) is crucial as a representation of our country, its characteristics, and numerous benefits. Narra is the Philippine national tree which grows up to 30–40 m tall and 2 m diameter wide. Planting of Narra is advantageous with its rapid growth, ease of reproduction, adaptation to stress, and limited potential in invading other plant communities [13,14]. Moreover, it is notable for its traditional medicinal uses including but not limited to the treatment of boils, headaches, diarrhea, mouth ulcer, and cuts and woods [15]. Unfortunately, narra is now endangered due to its historical and continual overexploitation for timber. [16]

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A stunning mountain forest

Where this tree is known to rest.

Treasured for its “gold” resin

Tree exploitation, a sin!

We need to preserve this ecologically and industrially significant Almagica (Agathis philippinensis) tree. Almagica is a Philippine native tree located in the mountains. It is widely known globally for its high-quality timber and resin (Manila copal) for the manufacture of varnish, linoleum, lacquer, and ink. Currently, it is vulnerable to become endangered due to land-use change, illegal logging and destruction by resin trapping [17-18].

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Is your tender heart ablaze?

From the Puso-puso’s gaze?

Its dropping population

Demands its conservation

There is an urgency for a blazing heart to protect the ecologically important Puso-puso (Actinodaphne multiflora) tree. Puso-puso is a Philippine native tree and has been used for native tree planting activity in Ayala City, Makati with its limited potential in invading other plant communities. Furthermore, it has been considered as vulnerable due to the increasing habitat loss by shifting cultivation and logging [19-20].

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Similarly, auxin is in action with phototropism, the plants grow towards the light and optimize light absorption. In the shoot, there is a lateral redistribution of auxin. The shaded side has more auxin causing the cells to elongate prompting the bending. Hence, the shoot will be observed to thrive towards the light.  From a study, the duration of distribution is approximately 30 mins and 2 hours for the induced bending.

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You are my beloved friend

Our connection has no end

Providing food and shelter

But, why does your love wither?

How can we taste the Kamagong fruit, when it's gone? Kamagong is a native Philippine tree 10-15 meters tall. Its fruit is edible and its wood is used as furniture and other wood products. However, its population is nearly threatened due to excessive deforestation, urbanization, and habitat loss. It was recorded that 461,967 hectares of tree cover were lost from Kamagong (2001 to 2018) [21].

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I, the strongest iron wood

Remaining tough as I could

But, your mines are more worthy

Unlike this mere hardest tree

Let’s preserve the Mangkono (Xanthostemon verdugonianus) with its underlying endemicity and exceptional hardness. Mangkono is an endemic Philippine tree characterized as the hardest of Philippine timbers which yields high-quality furniture for industrial use. Although, it is vulnerable to endangerment due to mining activities [22].

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Philippine Mahogany

Now, conquered with agony

Are you willing to help me?

From the abuse to my tree

The high-quality timber of Red Lauan (Shorea negrosensis) must be preserved with its potential medicinal importance. Red Lauan is a Philippine endemic tree with industrial importance as a good-quality timber and traditional medicinal use of tumor inhibition. However, there is now a reduction in population through kaingin and illegal logging [26].

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Remembering my childhood

Your fruit is my cherished food

While dancing under your shade

Will you live on and not fade?

Conservation of the Dao (Dracontomelon dao) tree is critical due to its various uses. Dao is a large (up to 50 m) and branchless indigenous Philippine tree.The kernel of seeds, and mature fruit is edible while its flowers and leaves are consumed as vegetables. This also has medicinal use with its treatment against dysentery [23]. Moreover, this is a typhoon-resilient tree including Narra, Almagica, Puso-puso, Kamagong, Mangkono and Lauan which can withstand ferocious wind and is crucial to the most storm-exposed country on Earth, Philippines. Unfortunately, due to widespread logging activities with its wood employed in light construction, firewood, and timber, it is now endangered [24].

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An eerie dwelling place

For supernatural race

But, don’t be anxious and scared

They are the one to be cared

By its rich folkloric history and traditional medicinal use, Balete tree desires a continuous proliferation. Balete (Ficus balete) is an endemic Philippine rubber tree with a strange folkloric background. This has ornamental and traditional medicinal use for Surigao in the treatment of bone fractures with its bark [24]. Although it is of least concern for now, it is expected to have a decrease in population due to habitat loss [25].

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With an alluring sweetness

Providing lightheartedness

From animals to humans

Distributed in fine cans

Kaong (Arenga pinnata) must be conserved due to its economic and ecological benefits. Kaong is a native palm plant of the Philippines with economic use as a major producer of sugar palm in the world. This is also substantial as food for various endangered species including cloud rats (Phloeomys sp.) [24].

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[2] Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D., & Roberts, E. H. (1985). Handbook of seed technology for genebanks Volume II. Compendium of specific germination information and test recommendations. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, 221-237.

[3] Leck, M. A. (Ed.). (2012). Ecology of soil seed banks. Elsevier.

[4] Fenner, M. (2017). Ecology of seed banks. In Seed development and germination (pp. 507-528). Routledge.

[5] Thompson, K. (1987). Seeds and seed banks. New Phytologist, 106, 23-34

[6] Bengyawan, M. A. (2020). Philippine indigenous NGO seed banking for food security – OpEd. Eurasia Review. Retrieved from https://www.eurasiareview.com/10122020-philippine-indigenous-ngo-seed-banking-for-food-security-oped/

[7] Merritt, D. J., & Dixon, K. W. (2011). Restoration seed banks—a matter of scale. Science, 332(6028), 424-425.

[8] Mayuga, J. L. (2019, January 28). Community seed banks create tomorrow’s biodiversity Edens. Business Mirror. Retrieved from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/01/28/community-seed-banks-create-tomorrows-biodiversity-edens/

[9] Views, Experiences and Best Practices as an example of possible options for the national implementation of Article 9 of the International Treaty. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca8198en/ca8198en.pdf

[10] Global Seed Savers. (2021). Organic Seed Bank Establishment in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/organic-seed-bank-establishment-in-philippines/
[11] Barcelona, J. F., Pelser, P. B., & Manting, M. M. E. (2014). Rafflesia mixta (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Surigao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa Phytotaxa, 174(5), 272-278.

[12] Fernando, E.S., Co, L.L., Lagunsad, D.A., Gruezo, W.S.M., Barcelona, J.F., Madulid, D.A., Lapiz, A.B., Texon, G.I., Manila, A.C. & Zamora, P.M. (2008) Threatened plants of the Philippines. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 3: 1–52.

[13] Reyes, M. T. D., Magpantay, G., Cagalawan, A., Lapis, A., & Calinawan, N. (2016). Assessment of genetic diversity of narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) populations from various seed sources in the Philippines using RAPD. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 19(2).

[14] Thomson, L. A. (2006). Pterocarpus indicus (narra). Species Profiles for Pasific Island Agroforestry, ver, 2.

[15] Senthilkumar, N., Shalini, T. B., Lenora, L. M., & Divya, G. (2020). Pterocarpus indicus Willd: A Lesser Known Tree Species of Medicinal Importance. Asian Journal of Research in Botany, 20-32.

[16] Barstow, M. 2018. Pterocarpus indicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T33241A2835450. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T33241A2835450.en. Downloaded on 21 May 2021.

[17] Jose, E. D. (2018). Saving Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis): means of cultural preservation and species rehabilitation in Palawan, Philippines. PALAWAN SCIENTIST, 10, 69-83.

[18] Farjon, A. 2013. Agathis dammara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202906A2757847. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202906A2757847.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

[19]https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/html/article.php/aid/6814/cid/2/research/science/university_of_the_philippines_diliman/up_dilliman_launches_washington_sycip_garden_of_native_trees.html

[20] World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Neolitsea vidalii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T33353A9779179. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33353A9779179.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

[21] Energy Development Corporation (EDC) . 2020. Diospyros philippinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T31381A2805796. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T31381A2805796.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

[22] Energy Development Corporation (EDC) . 2018. Xanthostemon verdugonianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T33338A125945052. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T33338A125945052.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

[23]Ragasa, C. Y., Batarra, T. C., Vivar, J. L. A., Mariquit, M., & Shen, C. C. (2017). Chemical Constituents of Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(5).

[24]Demetillo, M. T., Lador, R. P., & Seronay, R. A. (2016). Floral Assessment in Lake Mainit Watershed, Caraga Region, Mindanao Philippines. Annals of Studies in Science and Humanities, 1(2), 12-28.

[25] Energy Development Corporation (EDC) . 2020. Ficus balete. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T153834547A153890020. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T153834547A153890020.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

[26] Energy Development Corporation (EDC) . 2020. Shorea negrosensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T33144A68074543. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T33144A68074543.en. Downloaded on 22 May 2021.

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Have you ever planted a vine like Patola or Ampalaya? Its attachment to other structures is known as thigmotropism. This is the growth in response to touch. This aids the root growth around objects and the vines and tendrils to wrap around different structures as support.

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Lyndon, R. F. (2012). Plant development: the cellular basis (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.

Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2012). Plant physiology (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates Incorporated.

Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015).
Plant physiology and
development (No. Ed. 6). Sinauer Associates Incorporated.