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Mt. Maria Makiling is known to be one of the is a Philippine biodiversity hotspots listed as among the 170 conservation priority areas established by the Philippine government. This is due to its vast amount of ecological and biological information about the flora and fauna (Lapitan et al., 2013).

Here, we will introduce some species that are endemic in the area, and that is worth saving!

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Imagine going out of your room after being stuck due to a global pandemic, and finally going out of your comfort zone and growing in the outside world. That's basically what seeds undergo during germination, where they go out of their dormant phase and start thriving on the environment they are in.

Watch this time lapse of a growing plant. and see for yourself!

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Bean Time-Lapse - 25 days | Soil cross section

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Watch a monocot and dicot germinate in their own unique ways!

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Monocot and Eudicot Germination Time-lapse

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We've been always fascinated with watching a fetus grow inside a womb a mother, and seeing it through ultrasounds. Similar to plants, seeds are considered their fetus, and just like a human-in-the-making, they are also composed of rudimentary parts which will then develop into the vital structures during its vegetative and reproductive phases.

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Alencar, N. L. M., Innecco, R., Gomes-Filho, E., Gallão, M. I., Alvarez-Pizarro, J. C., Prisco, J. T., & Oliveira, A. B. D. (2012). Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and early seedling establishment of Cereus jamacaru D.C. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae). Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 84(3), 823–832. doi:10.1590/s0001-37652012000300024

Barcelona, J. F., & Fernando, E. S. (2002). A New Species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Panay Island, Philippines. Kew Bulletin, 57(3), 647. doi:10.2307/4110994

Barcelona, J. F., Pelser, P. B., Balete, D. S., & Co, L. L. (2009). Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, 54(1), 77–93. doi:10.3767/000651909x474122

Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The arabidopsis book, 6, e0119. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0119

Bewley, J. D. (1997). Seed Germination and Dormancy. THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, 9(7), 1055–1066. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055

Bewley J.D., & Black M. (1994). Mobilization of Stored Seed Reserves. In: Seeds. Springer, Boston, MA. pp 293-343.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1002-8_7

International Rice Genebank. International Rice Research Institute. (2020, June 5). https://www.irri.org/international-rice-genebank.

Lapitan, F.R.G., Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Raymundo, M.D.S., and dela
Cruz, A. G. 2013. Makiling Biodiversity Information System (MakiBIS): Development of an
Online Species Information System for Mount Makiling. Journal of Nature Studies. 12 (1): 1-11

Möller, B., & Weijers, D. (2009). Auxin control of embryo patterning. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 1(5), a001545. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001545

Nonogaki, H., Bassel, G. W., and Bewley, J. D. (2010) Germination—Still a mystery. Plant Sci. 179: 574–581.

Overvoorde, P., Fukaki, H., & Beeckman, T. (2010). Auxin control of root development. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2(6), a001537. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001537

Pancho, J. V., & Gruezo, W. S. (2006). Vascular Flora of Makiling and its Vicinity (1st ed.). The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Philippines.

Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010) Plant Physiology. 5th Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.

Wabnik, K., Robert, H. S., Smith, R. S., & Friml, J. (2013). Modeling Framework for the Establishment of the Apical-Basal Embryonic Axis in Plants. Current Biology, 23(24), 2513–2518. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.038

William E. Finch-Savage, Steven Footitt, Seed dormancy cycling and the regulation of dormancy mechanisms to time germination in variable field environments, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 68, Issue 4, 1 February 2017, Pages 843–856, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw477

Wolny, E., Betekhtin, A., Rojek, M., Braszewska-Zalewska, A., Lusinska, J., & Hasterok, R. (2018). Germination and the Early Stages of Seedling Development in Brachypodium distachyon. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(10), 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102916

Yildiz, M., Beyaz, R., Gursoy, M., Aycan, M., Koc, Y., & Kayan, M. (2017). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology. doi:10.5772/intechopen.70571

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The species Rafflesia manillana
is regarded as the smallest known Rafflesia with flowers only
about 15 - 20 cm in diameter considered a rare and endangered species (Barcelona, & Fernando, 2002)

However, although this species is common and having the largest range of all known Philippine Rafflesia species, it needs saving due to its with relatively small populations in widely separated forest fragments, which can be considered as a threat forr the decrease of its population (Barcelona et al., 2009).

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Rafflesia manillana Teschemacher

Synonym: R. cumingii R. Brown

Species named after the city of Manila, Philippines.
Because the taxonomic history of R. manillana is intertwined with other taxa, the text shown on the R. lagascae page is repeated here.

The taxonomic status of the plants named Rafflesia manillana, R. lagascae, R. philippensis, R. cumingii and R. panchoana have recently been clarified (Barcelona et al. 2009, Pelser et al. 2013). Rafflesia cumingii is a name based on the type of R. manillana at BM and is therefore superfluous. Blanco (1845) collected and named two Rafflesia species from Mt. Banahaw on the island of Luzon: R. philippensis and R. lagascae. Unfortunately, no specimens were made and all that exists are descriptions. For this reason, all workers since that time considered these Rafflesia species to be synonyms of R. manillana. The type for R. manillana was made from a Rafflesia population on Samar Island, nearly 500 km southeast of Mt. Banahaw. One of the two species seen by Blanco was named as a new species, R. banahaw (Barcelona et al. 2007) and the same taxon named again as R. banahawensis by Madulid et al. (2007). At this time, R. manillana had not been seen again on Mt. Banahaw but was known from nearby Mt. Makiling.
In 2007, two independent teams of scientists visted Samar, studied the Rafflesia present there, and both determined that this taxon was distinct from the taxon known as R. manillana of Luzon. This difference prompted Madulid et al. (2008) to name the Luzon taxon R. panchoana. Barcelona et al. (2009) clearly showed how both R. banahawensis and R. banahaw corresponded to the description of the taxon named R. philippensis by Blanco, thus R. philippensis is the earliest and therefore valid name for the taxon. In 2013, Pelser et al. reported finding a species distinct from R. philippensis at the foot of Mt. Banahaw. This taxon corresponded to the description of R. lagascae in Blanco (1845). Because this is the earliest name, the taxon previously called R. manillana that is widespread on Luzon should be called R. lagascae. And because the type collection for R. manillana is from Samar, and this taxon is distinct from R. lagascae, that name should apply only to the Samar populations. Given that R. lagascae is the most widespread of all the Philippine Rafflesia species, it has been cited in essentially all publications prior to 2013 as R. manillana. The neotype for R. lagascae is now Barcelona 3819 (CHR). Morphological differences between R. manillana and R. lagascae, such as the diaphragm color and width of the diaphragm opening, are discussed in Madulid et al. (2008) and Barcelona et al. (2009).
Literature Cited

Barcelona J.F., Pelser P.B., Cajano M.A.O. 2007. Rafflesia banahaw (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Bumea 52: 345-350.
Barcelona, J.F., P.B Pelser, D.S. Balete, and L.L. Co. 2009. Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Blumea 54: 77-93.

Blanco F.M. 1845. Flora de Filipinas, 2nd. edition. Manila: M. Sanchez.

Madulid D.A., Villariba-Tolentino C., Agoo E.M.G. 2007 [2006]. Rafflesia banahawensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Philippine Scientist 43: 43-51.
Madulid, D. A. and E. M. G. Agoo. 2008 [2007]. On the identity of Rafflesia manillana Teschem. (Rafflesiaceae). Philippine Scientist 44: 57-70.
Madulid D.A., Buot I.E., Agoo E.M.G. 2008 [2007]. Rafflesia panchoana (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon Island, Philippines. Acta Manilana 55: 43-47.

Pelser P.B., Nickrent D.L., Callado J.R.C., Barcelona J.F. 2013. Mt. Banahaw reveals: The resurrection and neotypification of the name Rafflesia lagascae (Rafflesiaceae) and clues to the dispersal of Rafflesia seeds. Phytotaxa 131: 35-40.

Yahya AF, Hyun JO, Lee JH, Choi TB, Sun BY, Lapitan PG. 2010. Distribution pattern, reproductive biology, cytotaxonomic study and conservation of Rafflesia manillana in Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22: 118-126.

SIUC / College of Science / Parasitic Plant Connection / Rafflesiaceae
URL: http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Rafflesiaceae/Raff.man.page.html
Last updated: 10-Oct-13 / dln

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Synonym: R. cumingii R. Brown Species named after the city of Manila, Philippines. Because the taxonomic history of R. manillana is intertwined with other taxa, the text shown on the R. lagascae page is repeated here. The taxonomic status of the plants named Rafflesia manillana, R. lagascae, R. philippensis, R.

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A plant with wing and does a lot of trapping

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A plant with wing and does a lot of trapping

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Nepenthes alata is one of the endemic pitcher plants that can be seen in Mt. Makiling. Although the population of this carnivorous plant is not threatened. or endangered, it is known to be sold by poachers, and this species can be exploited in the future just for the sake of home aesthetics.

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What If Seeds Could Grow in Your Stomach?

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This species is accepted, and its native range is China (S. Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi) to Indo-China and W. & Central Malesia.

Distribution

Full Distribution Listing

Native to:

Borneo, China South-Central, China Southeast, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam

Bibliography

First published in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 206 (1907)

Accepted by

(2018). https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.04 epublication.

Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Literature

Kew Backbone Distributions

(2018). https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.04 epublication.

Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Chantaranothai, P. (2005). The genus Trigenostemon (Euphorbiaceae) in Thailand Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 33: 21-31.

Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

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Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science

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This species is accepted, and its native range is China (S. Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi) to Indo-China and W. & Central Malesia. Full Distribution Listing Borneo, China South-Central, China Southeast, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam (2018). https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.04 epublication. Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000).

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Once fertilized, seed initiate its development towards becoming a zygote. Similar to that of animals, plant embryo start with a cell, followed by two, so on and forth.
After a series of stages in embryogenesis, the top cells go on to develop into an embryo. On the other hand, the bottom cells are derived to become the suspensor, a region which partakes in nutrient intake, as well as anchorage.

In this part of the development, the formation of cotyledons commences . This stage is also known as the heart stage. From this, the embryo, taking up an elongated shape, will develop into what we call as the torpedo stage. As the embryo maturation stage come into play, pressure from the slowly growing embryo compresses the suspensor. At this point, the embryo has, now, develop structured embryonic organs namely: radicle, embryonic shoot, and cotyledons. The radicle serves as the embryonic root. On the other hand,  the embryonic shoot is the plumule, consisting of very important parts: the epicotyl and the hypocotyl, where both serve a purpose in either being an attachment or being attached to. Between the two, the latter is connected to the radicle. Last, but not the least, the cotyledons present serve as seed leaf, from which food is stored. Monocots only have one cotyledon, whereas dicots have two.

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In this image, you may find Seed Sectional View.
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In this image, you may find Seed Sectional View. Our LATEST youtube film is ready to run. Just need a glimpse, leave your valuable advice let us know , and subscribe us! Deeply thanks! We are pleased to provide you with the picture named Seed Sectional View.

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Aisha Anderson
Biographical Highlights
He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world. Epitaph on the grave of George Washington Carver (quoted in American Experience 1980).

George Washington Carver (1860? - 1943) was an extraordinary individual, dedicated to lifelong learning and the practical application of the sciences. Through a blend of spiritual inspiration, artistic inclination and scientific talent, Carver made many contributions to this world and the environment, such as creating more than 300 peanut-based products, numerous developments for the sweet potato, and developing revolutionary crop rotation theories. His passion and service extended beyond the walls of a classroom, permeating the American South, by educating and empowering farmers in agricultural techniques. In addition to being a gifted teacher, researcher and innovator, Carver was known as a skilled artist, musician and gardener.

Carver was the first black man to study at Iowa State University, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1894. He was then appointed to the faculty and received his master's degree in agriculture and bacterial botany in 1896. Months later, he accepted an invitation, or rather a calling, to make his indelible mark at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, where he served for forty-seven years. This humble genius, who was often referred to as the "plant doctor" or the "peanut man," died in his sleep in Tuskegee on 5 January 1943. Shortly before his death, Carver donated his entire savings to the institute to found the Carver Research Foundation for research in agriculture.

Carver received a number of awards for his achievements. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Simpson College in 1928. He was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts of London. He received the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Valuable Contributions to Science and the Spingarn Medal for Distinguished Service in Agricultural Chemistry by the NAACP. Carver was honored with a United States commemorative postage stamp in both 1947 and 1998. He was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1977 and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990. That same year, Iowa State awarded him a Doctor of Humane Letters. His birthplace in Diamond Grove, Missouri, is the first National Monument to honor an African American, a teacher, or even a scientist.
Historic Roots
George Washington Carver was born the second son to his mother, Mary. His birthdate was never recorded, through scholars think it was in the early 1860s. He was born into slavery during the Civil War and grew up on a plantation owned by Moses and Susan Carver. As an infant, night raiders (presumed members of the Ku Klux Klan) kidnapped both George and his mother. He was recovered, due to a request put forth by his slave owners, after being found abandoned in Arkansas. His mother, Mary, was never to be seen again and was presumed killed. Equally unfortunate was that his father (enslaved on a nearby plantation) was killed in a logging accident shortly after George's birth. The Carvers became surrogate parents to George, whose surname he took, although they never adopted him. As a sickly child, he spent many hours observing and collecting plants, flowers, rocks, and other natural objects that fascinated and captured his attention. The Carvers encouraged his thirst for knowledge, which prompted him to travel to different parts of the state, in search of schools that would educate blacks. At twelve, George left the couple, traveling to communities in Missouri and Kansas, working odd jobs until he received a high school education (Holt 1943; Elliot 1966).

Carver drifted from place to place in the hope of becoming college educated, experiencing hardships and rejection along the way, due to the color of his skin. While working as head cook at a hotel, he befriended one of the owners who shared a passion for art. The relationship opened a door to his admission into art school at Simpson College in Iowa in 1890. Torn between agriculture and art, witnessing the harsh realities of black artists, Carver chose a more vocational trade. He transferred to Iowa Agricultural College, now known as Iowa State College, where he majored in botany.

After teaching and graduating with a master's degree in 1896, Carver made a life-altering decision when he consented to head the agricultural department at Tuskegee Institute. Without having much needed resources or pay comparable to that he received in his former job, Carver used his imagination to "create living laboratories." He used available materials to create a makeshift lab. His passion encouraged his students to excel despite the odds.

Carver was sought after by noteworthy individuals, such as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford, because of the innovation and importance of his work. He never married, nor had children, but he left an eternal legacy to agriculture, science, and African-American higher education.
Importance Carver, an Environmental Steward
Carver felt that the earth is "not just a treasure house to be ransacked and plundered and to be profited from. [It is] our home and a place of beauty and mystery and God's handiwork" (Stanley 1996, 55). This quote affirms that, as an environmental steward, Carver relied heavily on God's revelation for the simple purposes of things.

Carver made significant impact on how humans serve as stewards and conscientiously utilize the Earth's natural resources. As an agricultural researcher and a chemist, his creative inventions for new uses for common plants opened a door to natural and environmental benefits. His contributions to science were extensive. He developed over 300 commercial applications for peanuts, including milk, cheese, flour, ink, dyes, wood stains, soap, and cosmetics. In addition, Carver developed 118 uses for sweet potatoes, including vinegar, molasses, rubber, ink, and postage stamp glue. His technique of rotating crops was beneficial for soil conservation not only in the South, but across the nation and world. He also extracted the brilliance of colors available in Alabama clay and earth, making paints (Stanley 1996).

Carver's ideas about nature and earth led to developments that revolutionized agriculture in the South. His techniques for crop rotation enlightened Southern farmers on how to cooperate with natural laws, thereby allowing them to grow better crops, prevent erosion and improve production. He discovered that through crop rotation, using peanuts, soybeans and cowpeas, nitrogen was replenished in the soil.
Carver, the Teacher
I have been preparing myself for these many years; feeling as I do that this line of education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom to our people. George Washington Carver (quoted in Elliott 1966, 104)

As a passionate and humble teacher, George Washington Carver affected many lives and generations. Booker T. Washington requested Carver to assume the position of Director and Instructor of Scientific Agriculture and Dairy Science at Tuskegee Institute. Tuskegee was a school that had attracted many black students from the South, emphasizing vocational skills that would be useful for teaching, technicians and farming.

Carver's dedication as a teacher was demonstrated when he turned down the opportunity to work with Thomas Edison for a $100,000 yearly salary (Kremer 1987). This generous salary would have been a great incentive for many people at the time, but not for Carver, who earned $125 a month during his nearly half a century of work at Tuskegee Institute. Not discouraged by the lack of resources at Tuskegee, Carver viewed his professorship as a calling, a challenge, and an opportunity to uplift his people. Although he was told he was dealing with the worst soil in Alabama, through his resourcefulness, Carver and his students produced a profitable crop every year (after his first year). People from all over the world, including Russia, Poland, China, Japan, India, and Africa came to Tuskegee Institute to listen to Dr. Carver's techniques of agriculture and his successful experiences in the rural South. His achievements at Tuskegee helped African Americans gain respect in the fields of science and technology.
Carver, the Southern Farmer's Friend
Frustrated with the lack of hope displayed by many black Southern farmers, George Washington Carver began the Farmers Institute. He selflessly shared his knowledge with the rural farmer - insights of the land and how it operated with nature. He reached day laborers, sharecroppers and tenant farmers through his movable school on wheels. With his "Tuskegee Wagon," Carver visited those who were willing to listen, teaching insights that extended their understanding of farming beyond their natural survival mentality, including land conservation techniques. While he provided food for their soul, Carver also fed them. This gave him a natural opportunity to teach nutrition information, advocating the benefits of fresh fruit and vegetables. He also offered home improvement ideas and medicinal advice, such as the cure for pellagra. Carver was most pleased with the humble beginnings of the movable school, once operated by a rickety mule-drawn cart. It later became known as the "Jesup Agricultural Wagon," a fully equipped traveling experiment station (Elliot 1966).
Carver, the Advocate
George Washington Carver was an agriculturalist advocate when the need arose. He spoke on behalf of Congress, to the House Ways and Means Committee, as a supporting witness on a pending bill that proposed to place a tariff on the peanut. Also, when the United Peanut Association of America was formed, the group asked Carver to represent them on the 1921 congressional committee in Washington. Carver was adamantly against the exploitation of land, which he felt depleted the nature God had provided (Stanley 1996).
Ties to the Philanthropic Sector
"It is not the style of clothes one wears, neither the kind of automobile one drives, nor the amount of money one has in the bank, that counts. These mean nothing. It is simply service that measures success." George Washington Carver (as quoted at GWCNM "Carver's Quotes")

The degree of Carver's impact extends beyond his agricultural contributions, encompassing his service to help others obtain a higher quality of life. Carver contributed to the economic improvement of the Southern farmer by offering alternative crops beneficial to them and their land. He brightened the homes of impoverished men and women throughout the South and gave hope to the next generation of farmers. As a teacher, Carver used a personal, hands-on method and was not limited by the walls of a classroom. Yet, his vision extended beyond his students and Southern rural farmers to the national and international communities. He strived to help his students to view the world as one.

Though Carver prides his success on service, his environmental contributions were substantial. He conscientiously utilized bio-based products and industrial products made from renewable resources rather than those made from scarce or non-renewable resources. Environmentally, his contributions were viewed by some as an agricultural revolution (Stanley 1996; Holt 1943). He was an extraordinary man who recognized the natural relationships of living things, both plants and people.

He was a deeply religious man who treasured the world of nature and saw himself as a vehicle by which the secrets of nature could be understood and harnessed for the good of mankind. That was his mission in life, and his reward for performing this mission was the simple knowledge that he was performing well God's will. (Kremer 1987, 17)

When Carver died in 1943, he was still earning the same $125 a month he had agreed to as an acceptable income forty-seven years prior; he had refused to accept a single increase in salary. When asked why, Carver humbly responded, "What would I do with more money? I already have all the earth" ( George Washington Carver 1980). Carver's explicit desire was to serve and uplift his people. He declined lucrative career opportunities with other institutions, to keep his commitment of sharing knowledge with the poor black farmer. He was committed to making an impact, which he did for his people, his students, the scientific community, farmers, community members, policy makers, and food consumers around the world.
Important People Related to the Topic

Morris K. Jesup was a New York philanthropist who made his money in banking and manufacturing. Jesup donated the funds necessary to upgrade Carver's movable learning cart to a mobile teaching wagon, which he used to educate Southern farmers about agricultural techniques. His movable school became known as the Jesup Agricultural Wagon.

President Theodore Roosevelt (1830-1908) was the twenty-sixth President of the United States of America. George Washington Carver advised him on racial problems and policies. In 1939, Carver received the Theodore Roosevelt medal, which stated, "To a scientist humbly seeking the guidance of god and a liberator to the men of the white race as well as the black" (Elliott 1966, 221).

Henry A. Wallace was elected Vice President of the United States in 1940, under President Roosevelt. As a student and mentee of Dr. Carver at Iowa State University, Wallace was intrigued by his teaching, which sparked his lifelong interest in plant genetics. Wallace was also the founder of the largest seed corn company in the world, Pioneer Hybrid.

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was the founder and head of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for black students, established in 1897 in Tuskegee, Alabama. He was one of the most influential black leaders and educators of his time and extended the invitation for Carver to lead the agricultural department at Tuskegee Institute, a school that advocated vocational education.

Related Nonprofit Organizations

The Carver Research Foundation was formed in 1940 to conduct agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. Currently, the university's multimillion-dollar Carver Research Foundation and George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station received worldwide attention through noted research activities in agriculture, the natural sciences, and other pure and applied sciences.

The George Washington Carver Museum was authorized by the trustees of Tuskegee Institute in 1938 at the request of its president, Frederick D. Patterson. The Carver Museum was dedicated by President Henry Ford in 1941. It houses Dr. Carver's extensive collections of native plants, minerals, birds and vegetables; his products created from the peanut, sweet potato and various clays; and his numerous paintings, drawings, and textile art. Also on display are plaques, medals and artistic work created in tribute to Dr. Carver.

The George Washington Carver National Monument , preserved by the National Park Service, is located in Diamond, Missouri. The setting includes the 1881 Historic Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. His birthplace was designated a national monument, the first honor bestowed to a black person, on 14 July 1943.

The George Washington Carver Outdoor School was developed in 1990 to help young people develop a rapport with nature and to better understand themselves and their relationship to the world around them. The city-wide nonprofit school allows children exposure to the outdoors, including activities that foster respect for nature, such as hiking expeditions and camping trips.

Tuskegee Institute was established in 1880 by an act of the Alabama State Legislature. The school's first President, Dr. Booker T. Washington, officially opened the Normal School for Colored Teachers on 4 July 1881, which later became known as the Tuskegee Institute.

Bibliography and Internet Sources

Albus, Harry J. The Peanut Man . Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1949.

American Experience . "George Washington Carver." PBS, 1980.

Borth, Christy. Pioneers of Plenty: The Story of Chemurgy . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1939.

Dies, Edward Jerome. Titans of the Soil . Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1949.

Elliott, Lawrence. George Washington Carver: The Man Who Overcame . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966.

Erbach, Donald C. and Frank Flora. "Biobased products: America's second green revolution, " Agricultural Research 50 (2002): 2.

The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences. "Homepage." Princeton University. https://webfiles.uci.edu/mcbrown/display/faces.html.

Ferrell, John S. Fruits of Creation: A Look at Global Sustainability as Seen through the Eyes of George Washington Carver . Shakopee, Minn.: Macalester Park Publishing Co., 1995.

George Washington Carver National Monument. "Carver Quotes." National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/gwca/expanded/quotes.htm .

Haber, Louis. Black Pioneers of Science and Invention . New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970.

Holt, Rackham. George Washington Carver: An American Biography. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1943.

Kitchens, John W. and Lynne B. Kitchens, eds. Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the George Washington Carver papers at Tuskegee Institute . Tuskegee, Alabama: Tuskegee Institute, 1975. (Guide accompanies #1-67 microfilm reels.)

Klein, Aaron E. Hidden Contributors: Black Scientists and Inventors in America . Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1971.

Kremer, Gary R., ed. George Washington Carver in His Own Words . Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri, 1987. ISBN: 0826207855 (1991 paperback).

McMurry, Linda O. George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol . New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Means, Florence Crannell. Carver's George: A Biography of George Washington Carver . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952.

Miller, Basil William. George Washington Carver: God's Ebony Scientist . Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1943.

Podesta, James J. "George Washington Carver, 1861(?)-1943." In Contemporary Black Biography: Profiles from the International Black Community , edited by Barbara Carlisle Bigelow. Detroit: Gale Group, 1994. ISBN: 0810385589.

Stanley, Phyllis M. American Environmental Heroes. Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 1996. ISBN: 0894906305.

This paper was developed by a student taking a Philanthropic Studies course taught at the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. It is offered by Learning To Give and the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University.

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Aisha Anderson Biographical Highlights He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world. Epitaph on the grave of George Washington Carver (quoted in American Experience 1980). George Washington Carver (1860?

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Come and take a look at this visualization of the parts of the seed!

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A seed is a structure that encloses the embryo of a plant in a protective outer covering. Under favorable conditions of growth, a seed gives rise to a new plant, using the nutrients stored in them.

The union of the male and female reproductive cells inside the ripened ovule of a flower helps in the formation of seeds in a plant. Different seeds have different sizes, shapes, and colors that participate in the reproduction of flowering plants.

Parts and Structure of a Seed

A typical seed consists of three main parts: 1) seed coat, 2) endosperm, and 3) embryo.

1) Seed Coat

They are the protective outer covering of a seed that is usually hard, thick, and brownish in color. The seed coat is formed from the outer covering of the ovule called the integument. It usually contains two layers: i) testa - the thick outer layer, and ii) tegmen - the delicate inner layer.

A seed coat has the following four parts: a) Micropyle - the small opening present at one end of the seed coat, b) Funiculus - the seed stalk with which the seed is attached to the fruit body, the integument, c) Hilum - the region from which the seed breaks off from the fruit, leaving a scar, and d) Raphe - the base of the funiculus that is fused with the integument.
Functions

Protecting the seed from physical and mechanical damage

Preventing the seed from germination even under favorable conditions of growth (seed dormancy)

Preventing the excessive loss of water from the seeds

Acting as a physical barrier against the entry of parasites

2) Endosperm

It is a tissue that is rich in oil, starch, and protein. Depending on the presence or absence of endosperm, seeds are of two types:

i) Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds - Characterized by the complete absence of the endosperm, such as the seeds of the pea plant, groundnut, and gram.

ii) Endospermic or albuminous seeds - Characterized by the presence of the endosperm, such as the seeds of millets, palms, and lilies.
Functions

Storing of reserve foods that provide nourishment to the developing plant

Protecting the embryo, the next part of the seed, by acting as the mechanical barrier

3) Embryo

They are the young plant that is developing inside the seed coat. An embryo contains the underdeveloped tissues of leaves, stem, and roots of a plant.
What are the Parts of an Embryo of a Seed

Epicotyl - The tiny shoot of an embryo, from which the entire shoot system develops. The tip of the epicotyl is called plumule.

Hypocotyl - The stage of transition for the growing shoot and root of the embryo

Radicle - The tiny root of the embryo

Cotyledons - They are the leaves of the embryo that provide nourishment to the developing plant. There are two types of cotyledons present in flowering plants: i) monocotyledonous or monocots - embryo with one cotyledon and ii) dicotyledonous or dicots - embryo with two cotyledons.

Functions

Giving rise to a new complete new plant

Storing food and nourishing the baby plant

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Parts of a Seed, Their Structure, and Functions with Diagram

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A seed is a structure that encloses the embryo of a plant in a protective outer covering. Under favorable conditions of growth, a seed gives rise to a new plant, using the nutrients stored in them. The union of the male and female reproductive cells inside the ripened ovule of a flower helps in the formation of seeds in a plant.

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Biology Lesson Idea: Plants, Tropisms and Hormones | Twig

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Germination is divided into three unequal phases, which each one signifying different takes in water expenditure of the seed. During phase 1, imbibition takes place. Upon imbibition, enzymes and food reserves within the seed are hydrated. This, in turn, activates, as well as increases metabolic activity directed towards growth and development. In addition, as water is imbibed in the seed, rate of turgor pressure increases in the cell, therefore, enlarging the seed, itself (Wolny et al., 2018). Other processes that are initiated during phase 1 are DNA repair, translation or degradation of stored mRNA, transcription and translation of new mRNA, and reserve mobilization. All the aforementioned processes go on to continue on the second phase. Phase 2 is when water uptake starts to decline, along with metabolic processes. However as these happen, further enlargement of the embryo occurs, followed by the emergence of the radicle from the seed coat. Another biological process that is initiated in the second phase is DNA synthesis, which goes on to progress until the last phase. Phase 3 is where water uptake is reinstituted, together with the commencement of reserve mobilization in storage tissue as well as general seedling growth (Nonogaki et al., 2010).

Mobilization of stored food reserves starts with the hormone gibberellin. As gibberellin is synthesized and released, starchy endosperms are transferred by means of scutellum. Followed by this is the diffusion of the hormone in the aleurone layer, a site for cell induction for alpha amylase, as well as other hydrolases, secretion. In relation to the aforementioned hormone, it helps to further degrade starch for the amelioration of the transcription of alpha amylase mRNA. Contrastingly, the hormone abscisic acid plays an antagonistic role for the alpha amylase transcription. Now, the endosperm is where the enzymes are secreted, and from this, macromolecules such as starch are broken down or transformed into smaller molecules. The final step of this process is when the solutes from the endosperm are taken up through the scutellum, and then carried out into the embryo for absorption (Bewley & Black, 1994).

We have now mentioned 2 hormones, the last hormone we would like to tackle is auxin, a phytohormone involved in tropism, which is referred to as the directional growth of the plant in response to environmental stimuli such as gravity and light. Seeing that auxin is synthesized in the shoot meristem, this, now, corresponds to positive phototropism, as the hypocotyl and shoot apex of the embryo grow towards the light. On the other hand, the root exhibit positive geotropism, as the hormone regulate the root system (Overvoorde et al., 2010).

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Let's break it down, before it grows up and down. 

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Let's break it down, before it grows up and down. 

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Here are the major stages of embryonic development in plants:

The globular stage embryo is formed after the apical cell undergoes a series of highly ordered divisions after the first zygotic division occurred. In this stage an octant globular embryo is generated at the 30th hour after the fertilization.

Consequently, the heart stage embryo is the developmental stage formed due to rapid cellular divisions in the two regions of the sides of the rudimentary shoot apex, which produces outgrowths that will give rise to cotyledons. This process is also the mechanism behind the bilateral symmetry of the embryo.

Then, the torpedo stage embryo is formed due to the elongation throughout the axis of the embryo which further develops into the cotyledons. In this case, monocotyledons will only develop one cotyledon and two will develop on dicotyledons, and this is the most distinguishing factor among the two.

And towards the end of embryogenesis, the embryo will enter its maturation stage wherein it will be dehydrated and become metabolically quiescent as its seed dormancy approaches.

Do you want to see a real embryo developing? Here's a figure of the development of our model organism,  Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Embryogenesis is the process wherein a single-celled zygote is transformed into a multicellular, microscopic, embryonic plant. This embryonic plant posses the body plan of the mature plant, although the structures present are present in a rudimentary form.

Here is a visualization of the stages of embryonic development from Goldberg et al. (1994):

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The wonders of genes and hormones: establishment of the Apical-basal axis.

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The wonders of genes and hormones: establishment of the Apical-basal axis.

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During the early stages of plant embryo development, the apical-basal polarity,which aids in determining the spatial differences in terms of a plant’s structure, encompassing shape and size, as well as function, itself plays a fundamental role as a property in epithelial cells. It enables membranes within the plants to be systematized into compartments regarding the subcellular level, rendering cells to interact with the environment so as to perform several physiological functions such as survival, differentiation, proliferation, and cell division. To further dig into detail, as apical basal polarity manifests itself in the zygote, it helps the plant determine its apical and basal end. The apical end of the plant pertains to its upper side, which faces the shoot apex. It is a region where almost the embryo is entirely derived from. On the other hand, contrary to the upper side, the basal end is on the lower side which then faces the root apex. The basal end is also where the large central vacuole is located. All these are made possible by a marker gene called PIN1, which is present in both the root and shoot tissue, as well as in the embryo.

The apical-basal pattern in the embryo is responsible for the establishment of organs. As the zygote develops the two ends, as previously mentioned. The basal cells will give rise to both the suspensor and hypophysis. The latter will, in turn, develop roots. Contrastingly, the basal tier (central) and upper tier (apical) are derived from apical cells. From the basal tier, root and hypocotyl will develop, whereas upper tier will establish three aspects of the plant namely: hypocotyl, cotyledons and shoot apex.

The genes involved in these processes are: gurke, fackel, monopteros, and gnom, with its expressions established on the apical, central, basal and terminal parts of the embryo, respectively. In terms of hormones, auxin plays an important role in pattern formation in an early embryo, as it is coordinated with cell specification through directional, cell to cell transport (Möller & Weijers, 2009).

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ANOTHA ONE- The wonders of genes and hormones: establishment of the radial axis.

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ANOTHA ONE- The wonders of genes and hormones: establishment of the radial axis.

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Another pattern of development is the radial patterning. From an eight-cell embryo it will go on to develop the protoderm and central cells. The latter will, then, give rise to the ground meristem, which is a rudiment of both the cortex and the endodermis. On the other hand, the procambium, another derivative of central cells, will give rise to the pericycle and the vascular tissues.

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For us to visualize how plants' embryo develop, check this video out!

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They can’t be forever young, when will they grow? 

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They can’t be forever young, when will they grow? 

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There are numerous ways to be able to break the dormancy of seeds and let it grow, such as hydrating and placing these under the suitable conditions for seed germination, such as adequate amount of water, temperature, oxygen, and the presence of light (Finch-Savage & Footitt, 2017) .

It is also by the use of  scarification, hot water, dry heat, fire, acid and other chemicals, mulch, and light are the known methods for us to enable the seeds to germinate and grow (Yildiz, 2017).

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There are also types of dormancy that are based on timing:

1. Primary dormancy

This type of dormancy is exhibited when seeds that are released from the parent plant are in a dormant state.

And the perfect example for species with seeds that undergo primary dormancy is that of our model organism, the Arabidopsis thaliana.
2. Secondary dormancy

This is exhibited whenever the seeds are released from the parent plant in a non- dormant state, but eventually enter dormancy if the conditions are unfavourable.

An example of seed that undergo secondary dormancy is that of the Avena sativa (oat), wherein they can become dormant if the temperatures are higher that its maximum temperature tolerance for germination.

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Here are the types of dormancy based on their morphological and physiological properties:

1. Coat-imposed dormancy

This is the type of dormancy wherein the seed coat and other enclosing tissues whether it be the endosperm, pericarp, or extrafloral organs. The embryos that are in this type of dormancy will germinate when water and oxygen are present, and the surrounding tissues are removed or damaged. This type has five basic mechanisms, it prevents water uptake, it induces mechanical constraint, interferes with gas exchange, retains inhibitors, and produces inhibitors.

One of the most commonly seen example of this is that of the Oryza sativa or simply rice.
2. Embryo dormancy

This type of dormancy is an intrinsic mechanism since it is not influenced by the seed coat or the surrounding tissues. This can be relieved by amputation of the cotyledons, and this type of dormant is associated with the presence of inhibitors, especially Abscissic acid (ABA), and the absence of growth promoters such as the hormone gibberellic acid (GA). The germination period in breaking this type of dormancy is often associated with a sharp drop in the ratio of ABA to GA.

An example of species that possess cotyledons which exert an inhibitory effect include European hazel (Corylus avellana)

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That's what people tend to say when they are waiting for the perfect moment for a certain scenario, and indeed greater things happen in the right time. Just like in seeds, they are waiting for the perfect moment to develop and grow in to a plant in a more suitable environmental conditions, and this is where seed dormancy takes into action. So what is this?

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It is the incapacity of a viable seed to germinate under favorable conditions, at the same time introduces a temporal delay in seed germination process which is also a way  to give more time for seed dispersal over longer geographic distances.   It can also be due to the surrounding structure of the embryo that hinder it from germinating (Bentsink & Koornneef, 2008; Taiz & Ziegler, 2010).

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Seed dormancy is a phenomenon that has intrigued naturalists for decades, since it conditions the dynamics of natural vegetation and agricultural cycles. Credit: UGR

An international team of scientists, coordinated by a researcher from the U. of Granada, has found that seed dormancy (a property that prevents germination under non-favourable conditions) was a feature already present in the first seeds, 360 million years ago.

Seed dormancy is a phenomenon that has intrigued naturalists for decades, since it conditions the dynamics of natural vegetation and agricultural cycles. There are several types of dormancy, and some of them are modulated by environmental conditions in more subtle ways than others.

In an article published in the New Phytologist journal, these scientists have studied the evolution of dormancy in seeds using a unique data group. This included the features of dormancy in more than 14.000 species. It is the result of Carol and Jerry Baskin's work, the co-authors of this publication, who have been studying latency since the 60s.

The analyses conducted by this team of researchers have established that dormancy is as old as seeds themselves. In other words, the oldest among all seeds already had dormancy. 'Of all possible types of dormancy, the oldest one already featured very sophisticated adjustments to environmental conditions", according to the coordinator of this project, Rafael Rubio de Casas, a researcher from the Environment Department at the University of Granada, and the only Spaniard involved in this research.
Producing new species
The results of this project indicate that plants without dormancy tend to be less capable of diversification, i.e. to produce new species. "This can be due to the fact that dormancy facilitates that germination only takes place at the optimal moment, in spite of changes in the environment, due either to weather phenomena, or whether due to the fact that the seeds reach a new location after dispersal. This adjustment of the plant cycle to the new environment can reduce the probability of a particular species to become extinct", Rubio de Casas pointed out.

Dormancy does not simply involve that seeds do not germinate when it is too hot or too cold, since under those conditions it is the environment itself which precludes germination. "What dormancy does is make sure that the seeds do not germinate even when conditions are favourable, which precludes germination after a summer storm, or during a few warm days in winter", the U. of Granada researcher added.

However, not all plants have dormant seeds. Actually, many species of plants simply germinate at the moment when their seeds are exposed to favourable conditions. Besides, it appears that plants can acquire and lose the dormancy of their seeds in a relatively fast way as a result of natural selection.

"For instance, in the case of cultivated plants, dormancy is one of the first features that appear to have been lost over the domestication process, and for this reason the date for sowing is such an important parameter in farming", according to Rubio de Casas.

More information: Willis; C.G.; Baskin; C.C.; Baskin; J.; Auld; J. R.; Venable; D. L.; Cavender-Bares; J.; Donohue; K.; Rubio de Casas; R. & The NESCent Germination Working Group (2014) "Seed dormancy and diversification: Environmental cues, evolutionary hubs, and diversification of the seed plants". New Phytologist, 203 300-309.

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Seed dormancy, a property that prevents germination, already existed 360 million years ago

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An international team of scientists, coordinated by a researcher from the U. of Granada, has found that seed dormancy (a property that prevents germination under non-favourable conditions) was a feature already present in the first seeds, 360 million years ago.

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Remember what happened to the dinosaurs, together with other organisms that vanished in just one phenomena? This might happen to us in the near future, we can never be sure. Thus, countries all over the world have been making sure that if these phenomena would occur, we can somehow restore the plant species that the humanity developed for thousands of years.

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By Stuart Thornton

Tuesday, September 27, 2011

The old Sonoma County National Bank building in Petaluma, California, used to house the money of the rural region's residents. Now, the building is home to a different sort of riches: 1,400 unique varieties of seeds. The Petaluma Seed Bank is helping preserve the region's agricultural diversity.

The Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company runs the Petaluma Seed Bank. Jere Gettle, founder and owner of Baker Creek, points out some of his treasures.

"One of my favorites is the Chinese red noodle bean," Gettle says, pulling out a seed packet. The bright red vegetables can grow to 45 centimeters (18 inches) long. "The red color is just stunning on the plants. They are ornamental as well as really delicious."

Gettle pulls out seeds of more exotic-sounding produce, including white-flesh watermelons and chocolate peppers.

He then moves to a bin where customers can find almost 200 varieties of squash. He picks up a packet of black futsu squash seeds. Black futsus will grow into dark green vegetables with a rich, meaty, chestnut flavor.

"They have a really good taste to them," he says.

Seed Banks

Gettle is part of a growing movement of individuals and organizations determined to sustain lesser-known food varieties by creating seed banks. Large-scale agriculture has focused on producing a small number of plants with desirable traits at the expense of more delicate local varieties. These varieties may be more difficult to grow or ship, but they are tasty and nutritious.

"Our biggest goal is to preserve the vegetables that have been left by the wayside," Gettle says.

Shanyn Siegel, collection curator for Seed Savers Exchange, says her organization has a similar goal.

"From our perspective, we are a preservation-based organization, so we are trying to maintain the varietal purity with few or no genetic changes occurring each time that we would grow something in the field," she says.

Siegel says that what industrialized agriculture wants out of a plant might differ from what consumers desire. For instance, producers might create fruits and vegetables with a tougher skin and longer shelf life, so the produce is easier to transport.

"What's been lost in the process [of large-scale agriculture] is a lot of varieties in localized food systems that have better eating qualities and better taste," she says.

Seed Savers Exchange has more than 25,000 seed types kept on its 890-acre farm in Decorah, Iowa.

"Our goal is to have them all stored under freezing conditions around -18 degrees Celsius (nearly 0 degrees Fahrenheit), and we have most of our collection held that way," Siegel says.

Seed Savers Exchange maintains other collections of its seeds at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation in Fort Collins, Colorado, and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, in case something happens to its Iowa facility.

"They are in packages, inventoried, sealed," Siegel says. "They basically just hold those seeds for us under ideal conditions."

Sustainable Seeds

Some of these rare seeds can be essential when agricultural crises arise. For instance, if a disease wipes out a crop that people have come to rely on, the rare seeds can be used to fill the void.

"The magic behind sustainable agriculture is a rich and diverse genetic base from which to draw so you can find things that are resistant to the pests and insects, and are naturally drought-tolerant," says Bill McDorman, executive director of Native Seeds/SEARCH.

Native Seeds/SEARCH was established in 1983, when the nonprofit organization received the base of its seed collection from more than 50 Native American tribes, including the Apache, Hopi, and Navajo.

In Tucson, Arizona, the organization has a 465-square-meter (5,000-square-foot) facility, with a climate-controlled storage room. Native Seeds/SEARCH has grown to house a library of 1,800 varieties of seeds native to the American Southwest and northern Mexico.

A good portion of the seeds is given back to Native American tribes to help keep their agricultural traditions alive. "About 20 percent of the seeds that we send out go to the Native Americans for free," McDorman says.

Native Seeds/SEARCH does more than just preserve seeds. "Our design criteria for the seed bank is . . . at least every 10 years . . . take things out that have been in our seed bank, and grow them out again, and evaluate them to make sure that we have fresh seeds to return to the seed bank," McDorman says.

Like the "investors" in the Petaluma Seed Bank, McDorman knows what his organization has is valuable. "We see what we have as a huge treasure chest from which anybody in the world can start to draw from," he says.

Consumers can "start growing and saving seeds in their own area, and start allowing nature to adapt those genetics there. That's how after 10,000 years of human agriculture we got all this diversity in the first place."

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By Stuart Thornton Tuesday, September 27, 2011 The old Sonoma County National Bank building in Petaluma, California, used to house the money of the rural region's residents. Now, the building is home to a different sort of riches: 1,400 unique varieties of seeds. The Petaluma Seed Bank is helping preserve the region's agricultural diversity.

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Throughout centuries, framers all over the world have adopted  varieties of crops that has already been nurtured for generations. However, due to the threats of human disturbances, both the wild species and the domesticated species are threatened, thus, seed banks are established to prevent the lost of these varieties.

Why are seed banks important? Here are some of the reasons why:

Its ensures the long-term preservation of crop biodiversity as part of the global strategy for the conservation

It provides immediate access to samples, for researchers to access and evaluate for innovation.

The variety of plant samples in the seed bank can be the source for medicines, nutrition, and genes.

These facilities can provide helpful  scientific information for conserving the remaining natural populations of the species.

It can be utilized to   reinstate species into its  suitable habitats where they were once present, or to augment the diversity of small, genetically depleted populations, which can be due to anthropogenic disturbances or inevitable natural disasters.

Here's an interesting article about the importance and the strength of these seed banks:

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Through war, wildfire and pandemic, the world's seed vaults hold strong

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By the time the war broke out in Syria, researchers from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) had already duplicated and safely transported most of their genetic treasure trove to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the remote Arctic island of Spitsbergen, Norway.

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These are facilities wherein seeds are kept under cold and dry conditions. This environmental condition prolongs seed viability,  preserving the plants for future use.  These storage facilities  have been known for its vital role in terms of the conservation of domesticated and wild plant varieties (Shoen & Brown, 2001)

This is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault,  found 1300 kilometers beyond the Arctic Circle, in a permafrost condition. This is the world's largest secure seed storage, opened by the Norwegian Government. This seed bank contains crates of seeds from all over the world for secure and long-term storage.

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In fact, there are established seed banks located in our country near Maria Makiling, and it is the International Rice Genebank, located in  Los Baños, Laguna. This seed bank primarily holds the world's largest collection of rice diversity, with more than 132, 000 accessions of cultivated rice and relatives, and for over two decades, the facility has distributed about 228,000 samples to 103 countries.

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Search site

The International Rice Genebank, maintained by IRRI, holds more than The genebank is the biggest collection of rice genetic diversity in the world. Countries from all over the world send their rice to IRRI for safe keeping, and for sharing for the common public good. Traditional varieties and the wild species of rice are being lost through genetic erosion. Farmers adopt new varieties, and cease growing the varieties that they have nurtured for generations and eventually lose these varieties. Wild species are threatened with extinction as their habitats are destroyed by human disturbance. Future crop improvement needs the genetic variation from traditional varieties and related wild species to cope with the many biotic and abiotic stresses that challenge rice production around the world. IRRI works to ensure the long-term preservation of rice biodiversity as part of the global strategy for the conservation of rice genetic resources. This is in partnership with national programs and regional and international organizations worldwide, including the CGIAR Research Program for Managing and Sustaining Crop Collections. 132,000 available accessions as of December 2019. This includes cultivated species of rice, wild relatives and species from related genera.

Different species of rice
The species of rice conserved in the International Rice Genebank include:
· Oryza sativa or Asian rice, which is the most commonly grown and eaten rice. It probably had its origin between the Himalayas and Indochina and contains two groups of rice: indica and japonica (including temperate and tropical japonica)

· Oryza glaberrima or African rice originated in West Africa. It is not widely cultivated but has been used to breed other types of rice grown in Africa.

· Twenty-four wild species of rice that are found in Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas.

· Nine species from seven related genera
Download the Genebank brochure to know more about the facility and its features.
Storing and sharing rice seed
Each type of rice in the International Rice Genebank is stored in both the base (-20 degrees Celsius, long-term storage) and active ( 2-4 degrees Celsius, for distribution) collections. The viability of rice seed can decline very quickly (over months) when stored in conditions more typical of how a rice farmer in Asia may store seed, depending on climate and initial seed quality. For example, if the initial viability of a rice seed sample is 95% (that is, 95% of the seed will germinate) and it is kept at a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, with 70% relative humidity, and with a seed moisture content of 13.5% (fresh weight basis), seed viability would be 1% after just 5 months. In the International Rice Genebank, rice seeds have the potential to remain viable for many decades. Viability testing of all samples is carried out every 5 years for seed stored in the active collection, or every 10 years for seed stored in the base collection. If viability falls below 85%, a sample of the remaining seeds is planted to produce fresh seeds for storage. IRRI continually assesses management procedures in the International Rice Genebank to ensure that the best practices are employed to conserve this vital genetic resource for future generations. Following extensive negotiation among all the contributing countries, IRRI now manages the rice collection stored in the International Rice Genebank under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. We supply free samples of different types of rice seed to any prospective user on request, according to the conditions of the Treaty.

Genetic information

With access to the world's largest collection of rice, we have a unique opportunity to study the diversity of rice. IRRI characterizes rice for its traits and genetic makeup to find useful versions of genes.

We work with the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER), a global model for the exchange, evaluation, release, and use of genetic resources. The data of all the rice conserved at IRRI are efficiently managed and maintained by an in-house developed information system and made accessible through the public website IRRI Germplasm Resource Information Network-GLOBAL (IRRI GRIN-Global).

Headquarters

Pili Drive, Los Baños,
Laguna 4031, Philippines

DAPO Box 7777
Metro Manila 1301, Philippines

Mailing Address

10th Floor Suite 1009,
Security Bank Center 6776
Ayala Avenue, Makati
Metro Manila 1226,
Philippines

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Search site The International Rice Genebank, maintained by IRRI, holds more than The genebank is the biggest collection of rice genetic diversity in the world. Countries from all over the world send their rice to IRRI for safe keeping, and for sharing for the common public good.

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Do you want to see and know more about the International Rice Genebank found in our very own country? What this video!

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IRRI's International Rice Genebank: ensuring long-term preservation of rice genetic diversity

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10 more seeds of native species! What and why?

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10 more seeds of native species! What and why?

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All the plant species listed below have one thing in common, and that is their endemic status. Now, what makes endemic species so special? Endemic species are considered extremely significant in a specific ecosystem for a number of reasons. First, they have limitations when it comes to distribution. Second, they are very vulnerable to the risk of extinction, as compared to plants that are broadly distributed. Lastly, they are unique and could only be found in a specific geographical area, that is why extra efforts are exerted to conserve, as well as preserve them.

1. Strongylodon macrobotrys (Jade vine)

Woody vines

Young branches are glabrous, leaves pinnately, terminal leaflet elliptic or ovate-elliptic, lateral leaflets ovate, oblique and truncate or rounded at base

Endemic. Philippines: Luzon (Cagayan, Bataan, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon), Mindoro and Catanduanes.

2. Drypetes subcrenata (Kari-Kari)

Shrubs or small trees.

Leaves lanceolate oblong or somewhat falcate, margins crenate, rug ulose, bluntly acuminate

Endemic and rare in valley woods of southern Luzon , Philippines; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 1 0-300 m altitude

3. Glochidion urophylloides (Halakan)

Shrubs with small branches.

Leaves ovate to oblong or smaller ones elliptic, glabrous, pale green beneath

Flowers yellowish, in axillary glomerulus, glabrous; pedicels sub flexuous,

Endemic, in forests at low and medium altitudes, northern Luzon to Mindanao (Davao), Philippines; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 200-500 m altitude.

4. Glochidion triandrum (Bagna)

Trees with spreading crowns.

Leaves oblong, glabrous, pale green or whitish beneath

Flowers solitary, staminate upon slender, 2-cm long pedicels, pistillate subsessile

Endemic, Luzon to the Visayan islands, Philippines, in dry woods of the cogan regions: in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in open.

5. Drypetes maquilingensis (Tinaan-pantai)

Trees medium-sized to large.

Leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate

Staminate flowers glabrous, fasciculate; pedicels 5-8 mm long; sepals 4, ovately elliptic

Fruits lemon-yellow

Endemic. Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests, ascending to 700 m; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 2 00-550 m altitude.

6. Antidesma pleuricum (Bignai-kalabau)

Trees.

Leaves ovately elliptic to broadly oblong,

Flowers sol itary or in b ranched , terminal spikes

Endemic in the Philippines, in forests at low and medium altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 50-500 m.

7. Antidesma spicatum (Tanigi)

Shrubs or small trees.

Branches densely brown-pubescent. Leaves ovately lanceolate or broadly oblong

Pistillate flowers subsessile; calyx lobes, strongly ciliate; stigmas terminal, forked; styles short, distinct.

Endemic, in dry woods at low altitudes throughout Luzon to northern Mindanao, Philippines; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon , at low altitudes in open, dry areas.

8. Sapium luzonicum (Balakat-gubat)

Trees

Leaves ovately elliptic to oblong, glabrous, short-acuminate, base acute

Inflorescences axillary, in spicate or paniculate racemes.

Endemic. Throughout the Philippines, in forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 30 to 300 m. Com. name -

9. Trigonostemon philippinensis (Kalap)

Trees

Leaves oblong, often smaller, with 9 pairs of obscure nerves, pale beneath , glabrous, entire, acute, base broadly obtuse

Endemic. Luzon to the Visayan islands, Philippines, in primary forests at low and medium altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon. at 1 00-500 m altitude.

10. Endospermum peltatum (Gubas/  lndang)

Trees

Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, soft-pubescent on nether side. base deeply cordate or broadly rounded when peltate

Inflorescences axillary, nearly as long as petioles, densely pubescent; staminate flowers densely clustered along short, paniculate branches, whitish; calyx

Fruits ovoid. 1 em thick. glabrous, stipitate, crowned by stigma and subtended by calyx, fleshy

Endemic in the Philippines; in low forests in most parts of the country; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in light forest and forest borders from 30 m to about 250 m.