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Gidra " the Monthly of the Asian American Experience 1969

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Gidra " the Monthly of the Asian American Experience 1969

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A monthly newspaper started by Asian American students at the University of California, Los Angeles. It was initially started to address Asian American issues and interests on  the university campus, but it moved on to talk about topics affecting the whole Asian American community in Los Angeles. Some things that it has covered are racism, U.S. imperialism, social justice movements, ethnic studies at universities, struggles of colonized people, and the anti-war movement.

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The strike was led by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), a group with a majority of Filipino, to fight against the exploitation of farm workers and for the increase of minimum wage in Delano, California. The Mexican National Farmworkers Association joined AWOC in creating the United Farm Workers (UFW). The strike would become successful later on when an agreement was made with many table grape growers.

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This source shows that students were also very involved in the movement by making their voices heard at universities. This paper is only one example of the student efforts contributing to the entire cause. Asian American students made a huge impact when they demanded ethnic studies programs to be established and they were implemented at San Francisco State University and University of California, Berkeley. The young generation was just as invested in change than their seniors and elders; they were not going to back down.

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United Farm Workers officer Julio Hernandez, UFW director Larry Itliong, and Cesar Chavez at the 1966 Huelga Day March in San Francisco

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United Farm Workers officer Julio Hernandez, UFW director Larry Itliong, and Cesar Chavez at the 1966 Huelga Day March in San Francisco

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This shows that Southeastern Asians were also a part of the movement and had their own issue that they fought for. Filipinas/os doing cannery and farm work formed unions and went on strikes for the lack of rights given to them. The movement seems to be represented by a majority of East Asians, but people or descendants from other parts of Asia were involved too in terms of fighting against what they believed was unfair about the system.

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Okamoto, Yoichi. “President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration Act as Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Lady Bird Johnson, Muriel Humphrey, Sen. Edward (Ted) Kennedy, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, and others look on”. 1965

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Okamoto, Yoichi. “President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration Act as Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Lady Bird Johnson, Muriel Humphrey, Sen. Edward (Ted) Kennedy, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, and others look on”. 1965

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This photo is a primary source and was taken on the day President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Naturalization act of 1965.

This photo is relevant to the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 because it shows how President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the law into action in 1965. In 1965, President Johnson signed this law as important individuals like senators and the vice president looked on, marking a new period in American History as an earlier immigrant quota system was abolished. The location is really important because it was signed in New York, overlooking Liberty Island which can also represent a new era of freedom in American history. This specific photo was chosen because it showed the importance of this particular document as it was signed in the presence of so many important individuals and how the voice of Asian and other immigrants were heard even when they are not really represented in the government. The important individuals standing behind the president were mostly white men which showed the disportionate representation in government. Even so, the protests of these immigrants were so strong that even without representation, they were able to get their voice heard.

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This photo is a primary source and was taken during one of the protests at Confucius Plaza in 1974.

This source is relevant to the movement because it showed Asian Americans protesting during one of the Confucius Plaza protests in 1974. It not only demonstrated how they protest but also the wide range of individuals protesting alongside their Asian friends as there were a variety of nationalities present in this picture. This protest was well organized and even had a speaker and cameramen, demonstrating that this protest gained much attention and was widespread. This photo would be the best representation of the Confucius Plaza protests because it not only demonstrated the event itself, but also showcased how widespread the event was both in scope and in the fact that there were many nationalities present to support the protests.

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Dr. Raymond Eng, 2nd from right. Eng family collection

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Dr. Raymond Eng, 2nd from right. Eng family collection

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C.A.C.A was formed here to combat racial discrimination against chinese americans. This included work for civil rights, equal pays and political opportunities. This organization also worked for the betterment of the community through advocacy and service.

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Courtesy of the California Historical Society, MS 3642.002

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Courtesy of the California Historical Society, MS 3642.002

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This is important because this is a laborer who was deported after 16 years in america. They protested the  geary act by refusing a certificate of residency. When he did apply, they asked for witnesses and still didn't matter anyways because the witnesses were chinese.

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University of Washington. The Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project. “Jobs-For-Blacks Demonstrators Held Sit-In Near Sea-Tac Ticket Counters”. Fall 1969.

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University of Washington. The Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project. “Jobs-For-Blacks Demonstrators Held Sit-In Near Sea-Tac Ticket Counters”. Fall 1969.

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This photo is of members of the Asian Coalition of Equality (ACE) participating in a Seattle sit-in, protesting for jobs for black people. This source is important because it shows the solidarity between minorities in America during this time. The teamwork between Asian Americans and other minorities made it so that they were all seen by the government. They wanted to make their voices heard and they managed to achieve that while helping others at the same time.

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Asian Americans for Equality. Our History. 1977.

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Asian Americans for Equality. Our History. 1977.

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This photo is of a Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE) meeting after the creation of the “Fight Gentrification & Save Chinatown” campaign. This source is important because it shows how the Asian American community came together as a whole to fight the gentrification threatening their community. In the picture it can be seen that there is a banner that says “Save Chinatown”, Asian Americans united to achieve this common goal because they didn’t want Chinatown to be taken from them. Chinatown was an incredibly important place for the Asian American community because it had affordable housing and it was known to have a huge community of Asians. The fight to save Chinatown from gentrification was an important one because it showed just how powerful the Asian American community could be.

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Newsreel Films Archives. “Members of the Asian American Political Alliance at a Black Panther Party Rally”. 1968

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Newsreel Films Archives. “Members of the Asian American Political Alliance at a Black Panther Party Rally”. 1968

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This photo is a primary source that was taken at a Black Panther Party Rally in 1968. The source is important because the AAPA joined forces with the leader of the African American civil rights and other groups. The rally was part of a movement for women’s and worker’s rights, the Vietnam War, as well as fighting for the establishment of ethnic studies in colleges. It was a movement uniting many minorities and pushing for their rights.

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Lee, Corky. “A protest in Detroit.” 1983

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Lee, Corky. “A protest in Detroit.” 1983

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This photo is a primary source of the protest for the killing of Vincent Chin in 1983. The source is relevant because it shows how Asian Americans were united and enraged that the murders of Vincent Chin, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz, were only given light sentences and punishments. The judge, Kaufman, gave both men a fine of $3000 and 3 years of probation with no jail time, then released. This led to the outcry of the public, mainly Asian Americans, to fight for justice and support the Chin family.

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Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE) vs. Koch - 1983

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Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE) vs. Koch - 1983

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Due to the substandard living conditions in Chinatown around this time, the Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE) created a campaign called "Fight Gentrification and Save Chinatown". This campaign sought to make housing conditions more livable but Chinatown was at the risk of gentrification because of Ed Koch. Gentrification of Chinatown would displace the large low-income families living there and the AAFE was determined to not let that happen. In order to do this the AAFE filed, and won, a class action lawsuit to stop the "Special Manhattan Bridge District". Though the ruling was later reversed, this was a huge victory for Asian Americans and affordable housing.

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The Asian Coalition for Equality (ACE) - Spring 1969

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The Asian Coalition for Equality (ACE) - Spring 1969

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The Asian Coalition for Equality, led by Mineo Katagiri, was the first Asian American civil rights organization in Seattle to participate in multi-racial equality campaigns. The goal of ACE is to advocate for the rights of Asian Americans alongside the civil rights movement of African Americans during this time. ACE affiliated individuals stood in solidarity alongside other minorities to fight for their rights as American citizens, the ACE fought against the intolerance of Asian Americans in the US.

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The strike, organized by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, was the largest one in New York City's Chinatown's history. Over 20,000 Chinese American garment workers, a group with majority women, staged a strike in New York's Chinatown; the event got every New York City Chinese garment industry employer to sign an union contract. The women were paid less than the minimum wage of $3.55 for working 10-hour workdays. On the day of the strike, the women demanded a renewal of their union contracts, better wages, and better working conditions. In a matter of hours, the Chinese women were able to obtain benefits and wage increases for thousands of women.

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A 15 year old was beaten by a New York Police for a minor traffic violation outside of the Fifth Precinct. Peter Yew decided to step in and tried to stop the police. However, Yew was beaten , dragged inside the precinct, stripped, beaten again, and arrested. On May 19, almost all Chinatown businesses closed and about 15,000 to 20,000 Asian Americans walked on the streets to protest against police brutality. They had also demanded the charges against Yew to be dropped; the charges were eventually dropped.

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The Murder of Vincent Chin - June 19, 1982

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The Murder of Vincent Chin - June 19, 1982

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A Chinese American, Vincent Chin, was brutally beaten and murdered in Detroit by Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz, both white autoworkers. Their actions were racially motivated as they believed that their unemployment was due to the rise of imported cars from Japan. They were only punished with a three-year probation and $3000 fine which angered the Asian American community because Vincent Chin did not receive justice.

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Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) May 1968

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Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) May 1968

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This political organization initially was a club at the University of California, Berkeley in 1968, founded by Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee. This group was very diverse in members in terms of socioeconomic class and ethnicities. Its purpose was to unite Asian Americans to be involved in pushing for social and political actions.

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Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965

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Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965

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In 1965, the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 abolished a quota system based on national origin and as a result, there was a sharp increase in the number of Asian immigrants. This act focused on reuniting separated immigrant families and attracting skilled laborers to the United States. In the first five years after the passage of this act, the immigrant population from Asian countries quadrupled in the United States. The passage of this act increased the possibilities of getting citizenship, reuniting with family, and loosened quota restrictions based on national origin.

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Geary Act

The Geary Act was a United States law that extended the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 by adding onerous new requirements. It was written by California Representative Thomas J. Gearyand was passed by Congress on May 5, 1892.
The law required all Chinese residents of the United States to carry a resident permit, a sort of internal passport. Failure to carry the permit at all times was punishable by deportation or a year of hard labor. In addition, Chinese were not allowed to bear witness in court, and could not receive bail in habeas corpus proceedings.

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Chinese American Citizens Alliance (C.A.C.A.) is a Chinese American fraternal, benevolent non-profit organization founded in 1895 in San Francisco, California to secure equal rights for Americans of Chinese ancestry and to better the welfare of their communities. C.A.C.A. is the United States' oldest Asian American civil rights organization.

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On May 16th, 1974, the founders of Asian Americans for Equality led the first protest over discriminatory labor practices at Confucius Square after the DeMatteis Corporation refused to honor the government's fair-hiring policies. The DeMatteis Corporation was in charge of building government funded projects and refused to hire Asian Americans construction workers to build a 764 unit apartment building. This sparked outcry from the Asian American population and having been inspired by the African American Civil Rights movement, Asian Americans began protesting about this unfair treatment. In this protest, 250 protesters entered the construction site of the project, forcing the workers to halt on their work. Throughout the day, other Asian groups and ethnic communities joined in on this protest for justice and equality. The DeMatteis Corporation finally began listening to the demands of the activists and several weeks after the first protest, the DeMatteis Corporation hired 27 minority workers including Asian Americans. This event was a turning point in the Asian American Civil Rights Movement because this was one of the first protests by Asian Americans and this protest brought together not only Asian Americans but minorities of other ethnicities as well. After this successful protest, the Asian Americans For Equality organization continued organizing protests for equal treatment towards Asian Americans.