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WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ALL ABOUT?

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WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ALL ABOUT?

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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION refers to series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and more current scientific thinking across critical periods in history.

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Speculations about the "nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE)

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And the ENLIGHTENMENT of how the universe behaves

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Darwin's "On The Origin of Species" book published in 1859, began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery.  It was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe.

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Psychoanalysis is at the center of this revolution. Freud developed Psychoanalysis as a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts springing from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual.

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WHO ARE THE MINDS BEHIND EACH INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

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WHO ARE THE MINDS BEHIND EACH INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

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The man behind Copernican Revolution was a Renaissance-era mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

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The man behind Darwinian Revolution was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.

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The man behind Freudian Revolution was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Hiss revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things.

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HOW DID THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ADVANCE MODERN SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC THINKING AT THAT TIME?

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HOW DID THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ADVANCE MODERN SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC THINKING AT THAT TIME?

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Before the Scientific Revolution, most educated people who studied the world took guidance from the explanations given by authorities like ancient Greek writers and Catholic Church officials. After the Scientific Revolution, educated people placed more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told. They gained knowledge by observing the world around them and coming up with logical explanations for what they saw.

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During the scientific revolution, changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in respect to nature, and the value of experimental or observed evidence, led to a scientific methodology in which empiricism played a large, but not absolute, role.

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Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences, and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and thought.

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WHAT CONTROVERSIES MET EACH INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

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WHAT CONTROVERSIES MET EACH INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

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Major flaws in the work include his concept of the sun as the center of the whole universe, not just the solar system, and his failure to grasp the reality of elliptical orbits, which forced him to incorporate numerous epicycles into his system, as did Ptolemy. With no concept of gravity, Earth and the planets still revolved around the sun on giant transparent spheres.

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A shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the universe, that the universe centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, that the universe is centered around the Sun.

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Despite the wealth of evidence from the fossil record, genetics and other fields of science, some people still question the theory of evolution's validity. Most criticisms and denials of evolution have come from religious groups, rather than from the scientific community.

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Many objections have been leveled against traditional psychoanalysis, both for its methodological rigidity and for its lack of theoretical rigor. A number of modern psychologists have pointed out that traditional psychoanalysis relies too much on ambiguities for its data, such as dreams and free associations. Without empirical evidence, Freudian theories often seem weak, and ultimately fail to initiate standards for treatment.