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As in “doctor” or “sister.

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Such as in “turtle” or “daughter.”

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Such as in “little” or “bottle.”

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It will be pronounced as a ‘soft d.’

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Flap /t/ will happen after a ‘c’ /k/ or ‘s’ /s/ sound.

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Flap /t/ will also happen before or after an r-controlled vowel.

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Flap /t/ will often occur between a vowel and a ‘dark l’.

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If a ‘t’ is between two vowels, whether in a word or between two words.

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Characteristics of the flap /t/:

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It can often be called as "soft d".

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Cockney pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er"

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feudalism /ˈfju:dəˌlɪzəm/
heroism /ˈherəˌwɪzəm/

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pistol /ˈpɪstḷ/
tunnel /ˈtʌnḷ/

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It occurs before the syllabic /n/

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T-glottalization

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Its an allophone of the T sound, it doesn't change the meaning of the word.

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Is a sound made in the glottis, or the folds of the vocal cords

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Syllabic /n/

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Syllabic /m/

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Syllabic /ḷ/

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There are three consonants without a vowel sound

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Is produced when the sound immediately before an /n/ is produced in the same part of the mouth, that bony shelf behind the top front teeth, as /n/

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Is a syllable with no vowel sound just an N sound.

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The only difference is what is happening with the back of the tongue.

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It happens after making the vowel sound, the tip of your tongue will rise up and press against the back of your top teeth in the same way as the light L sound.

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Is when the tip of your tongue will rise up and press against the back of your top teeth

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How does it occur?                                    

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How does it occur?                                    

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The IPA transcription for the dark L may be /l/ or /ɫ/

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The IPA transcription for the light L is /l/.

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The velar (or dark) L sound              

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The velar (or dark) L sound              

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Is when L is at the end of a word (ba ll, ab l e) or at the end of a syllable (pi ll ow, do ll house)

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Is when the L is at the beginning of a word  (l ove, l ook) or at the beginning of a syllable (e l ongate, re l ease)

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There are actually two sounds of the "L" in English, depending on where it is in the word.

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If we pronounce this phrase rapidly, the phoneme /t/ in the word “whit”  /walt/ becomes /p/, because of the influence of the phoneme /p/ in the word “pepper” /pepə/ finally ended up at /Walp´pepə/

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In the transcription you can see the signs [ъ] and [/]. These are allophones of vowels [a] and [o]

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How close the phoneme is to the beginning of the word

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How close the phoneme is to the end of a word

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How close the phoneme is to stress

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Is the omission of a sound for phonological reasons

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It happen to voiceless plosive consonants

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Characterized by strong explosion of breath or puff.

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                               Assimilation

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                               Assimilation

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Is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so that the two become similar or the same

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The phoneme /t/ is elided /ðə ´ neks(t) ´deɪ/

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[dz] and [d "g"], which act instead of [h], [q] before the resounding noisy consonants

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[a], [o], [y], which are after the soft consonants

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I would like a bridgehead

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two types

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That stand in front of [О] and [У] and are rounded

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sit down, grater, tube

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there - that, tick - tuk

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Variants of phonemes that are implemented depending on the phonetic position in the word.

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Variations of phonemes that are realized under the influence of surrounding sounds.

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/æ/ and /e/
b a d b e d

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Pairs of words that differ in meaning, where the only difference between them is that they have different phones

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Possesses abstractions from actual speech sounds quite subconsciously.

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It is real, is realized in the speech of all English speakers in the form of speech sounds (phones)

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Also known as discriminatory function, the opposition of phonemes in the same phonetic environment can differentiate the meaning of the words

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Helps to recognize and distinguish words in a language

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The smallest unit of sound in speech

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They can't change the meaning of a word

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Never occur in the same phonetic context

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Possess similar articulating features from its phoneme, but also have considerable phonetic difference

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Alternative pronunciations for a phoneme, its change does not represent a change in meaning.