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Colorblindness is the lack of or decreased ability to be able to see or differentiate color. It is a disability that impairs tasks where the distinguishment of color is necessary such as reading traffic lights when driving, or learning colors in school at a young age.

Colorblindness can be caused by many health problems/diseases but the most common cause for it is of inheritance of it through lineage. Colorblindness also comes in different forms of severity depending on what health problems one has or the genetics they inherit.

The image shown above illustrates a simulation of what colorblindness looks likes with normal vision on the left and red-green colorblindness on the right.

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Colorblindness can also be an acquired disorder through many forms such as exposure to chemicals, certain medications, and diseases that affect our ability to see color or even aging.

Diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's are known to cause internal pressure on the eye and/or degrade the optic nerve that carries color signals to the eye causing in some cases colorblindness to occur as a result. Along with this certain medications are known to cause damage to the optic nerve along with exposure to chemicals such as styrene have been linked to colorblindness.

The image above shows the antibiotic Ethambutol which may cause optic nerve damage and affect the ability to see color.

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Colorblindness prevalence in general population

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Colorblindness prevalence in general population

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The prevalence of colorblindness in humans is quite low with it being a relatively rare disorder.
A study done on primary school children in Ethiopia found that 95.76% of children were not colorblind and the rest had some sort of type of colorblindness, as shown in the figure above.

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Monochromacy (or Achromatopsia) is a type of colorblindness where an affected individual can see zero color and can only black, white and shades of gray. It affects one in every thirty-thousand people and occurs when the color-sensitive cone cells in the eye do not work.

The image above attempts displays how someone with monochromacy sees color.

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Inherited colorblindness stems from a mutation that affects the rod cells and cone cells of the eye. These rods and cones under normal circumstances are able to differentiate different colors with different pigments with rods being active in low light environments and cones being active in daylight environments.

In the case of colorblindness these rods and cones are affected to different levels of severities ranging from the complete absence of certain pigments to sensitivity of certain pigments/colors being lower than the norm. In certain cases such as some acquired colorblindness, the blindness to color is caused by damage to the optic nerve which carries the signals of the colors.

The image above shows the anatomy of the eye and where the placement of the optic nerve and rods and cones of the eye are.

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Red/green colorblindness can come in the following forms

Protanopia: No red cones are present and the color red cannot be seen
Protanomaly: Red cones are present but only certain shades of red can be seen
Deuteranopia: No green cones are present and the color green cannot be seen
Deuteranomaly: Green cones are present but only certain shades of green can be seen

Blue/yellow colorblindness can come in the following forms:

Tritanopia: No blue cones are present and blue cannot be seen
Tritanomaly: Blue cones are present and certain shades of blue can be seen

The image above attempts to illustrate the colors that can be seen by certain types of colorblindness.

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The most common form of diagnosis of colorblindness is the Ishihara color test, developed by Dr. Shinobu Ishihara in 1917. It consists of a picture with many colored spots (with the color depending on what type of colorblindness is being tested) with a picture of something being embedded in the test, usually numbers. This is used to test the ability of a person to differentiate colors, with individuals with normal vision being able to see what is being portrayed in the embedded picture and those with colorblindness not being able to see it.

The image shown above illustrates a Ishihara color plate test and common test templates used.

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Colorblindness in most cases is a genetic disorder that is inherited from the parents of the person with the disease, usually being passed from mother to son, making colorblindness a disorder that is more prevalent in males than females.

Red/green colorblindness is the most common form of colorblindness and is a mutation located on the 23rd chromosome. Another form of inherited colorblindness exists which is blue/yellow colorblindness but is much more rare compared to red/green blindness and does not pass down the the X-chromosome like red/green blindness.

The image above shows X-linked recessive gene inheritance which is how colorblindness is passed down through generations.

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There is no current cure for inherited colorblindness, though most individuals with colorblindness find ways to adapt to the environment around them. Certain lenses and contacts are available that allow those with colorblindness to be able to tell the difference between colors, along with visual aid technologies such as phone applications which allow individuals to find out the color of an object/area.

The video shown above shows a demo of an application that allows users to identify colors of a picture.

If colorblindness is acquired via a certain health problem or medication then steps to cure that health problem or find alternatives to the medication being used can help mitigate colorblindness.

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The image above displays an Anomaloscope which is the most accurate way of diagnosing the severity of an individuals colorblindness. It uses a mixture of light sources to test for an individuals colorblindness.

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As previously stated, due to inherited colorblindness being an X-linked recessive gene it is known to be more prevalent in men.
The graph shown above displays how in a study done of primary school children in Ethiopia the frequency of colorblindness in males is much more than that of in females.