# data[].attributes.body
Army officer Richard Pratt, founder of the first federal Indian boarding school, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, gave a speech in 1892 in which he summarized this philosophy as “kill the Indian…save the man. In Wisconsin, the U.S. government ran three boarding schools, three day schools, and contracted out three additional boarding schools to religious and other organizations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Riverside Indian School, Anadarko, Oklahoma

# data[].attributes.body
According to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, "the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) directly operates four off-reservation boarding schools in four states: Riverside Indian School in Anadarko, Oklahoma; Sherman Indian High School in Riverside, California; Chemawa Indian School in Salem, Oregon; and Flandreau Indian School in Flandreau, South Dakota. Additionally, there are three tribally-controlled boarding schools: Sequoyah Schools in Tahlequah, Oklahoma; the Pierre Indian Learning Center in Pierre, South Dakota; and the Circle of Nations School in Wahpeton, North Dakota."

"In the past, the purpose of off-reservation board schools and their treatment of native students was simply inexcusable. However, those prior policies could not be more antithetical to our goals for our children today. We still face complex issues, as any institution striving to provide the best-quality education will. But, the complexities we face should not detract from our ultimate goal, which is to give our students the tools they need for success," says Mark Cruz, Deputy Assistant Secretary--Policy and Economic Development Indian Affairs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Older picture of the school in Morris, Minnesota. Presented by Damon Taylor

# data[].attributes.headline
Morris Indian Boarding School in Morris, Minnesota.

# data[].attributes.subject
Morris Indian Boarding School in Morris, Minnesota.

# data[].attributes.body
D. Taylor

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Colored picture of the Morris Industrialized School for Indians.

# data[].attributes.headline
Newer colored picture of the school in Morris, Minnesota.

# data[].attributes.subject
Newer colored picture of the school in Morris, Minnesota.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Teller Indian School. Courtesy of the Museums of Western Colorado

# data[].attributes.body
J. Jones

# data[].attributes.body
C. Jacobs

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hidden History: Native American Boarding Schools

# data[].attributes.body
T. Osborne

# data[].attributes.headline
Fort Lewis Indian School Hesperus, Colorado; founded in 1892

# data[].attributes.subject
Fort Lewis Indian School Hesperus, Colorado; founded in 1892

# data[].attributes.body
M. Jenkins

# data[].attributes.headline
Federal Investigation of Native American Boarding Schools 1926

# data[].attributes.subject
Federal Investigation of Native American Boarding Schools 1926

# data[].attributes.body
D. Gregg

# data[].attributes.body
A. Redding

# data[].attributes.body
american boarding school labor

# data[].attributes.body
C. Knight

# data[].attributes.body
Audio for American Indian boarding school 1926

# data[].attributes.body
A. Redding

# data[].attributes.body
The first “Indian School” in the Pacific Northwest was a product of the Oregon Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church, officially beginning in 1835.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Phoenix Indian School, Phoenix, Ariz., founded 1891.

# data[].attributes.headline
        Phoenix Indian Boarding Schools 1891

# data[].attributes.subject
        Phoenix Indian Boarding Schools 1891

# data[].attributes.body
A. Sartain

# data[].attributes.body
After a year-long search for a school site, the Indian School opened in 1891 on 160 acres (65 ha) of land. Up until 1931, the federal "assimilation" policy that sought to regimentalize and culturally assimilate Native American students was in place. Physical growth was the major theme in the 1890s as the school opened.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"Flandreau Indian School, South Dakota, choir," ca. 1909-1932. The photograph is on view as part of the exhibit "Away From Home: Indian Boarding School Stories,

# data[].attributes.headline
Flandreau Indian Boarding Schools, 1890.

# data[].attributes.subject
Flandreau Indian Boarding Schools, 1890.

# data[].attributes.body
I. Williams

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1890s eighteen more schools were built, including those at Pierre, Flandreau, Chamberlain, and Rapid City, South Dakota. By the end of the century there were also forty-three reservation boarding schools on the Plains and sixty-seven day schools. The on-reservation boarding schools were mainly located in North and South Dakota and Indian Territory; South Dakota, with its eight reservations and large Indian population, had the bulk of the day schools.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Students inside a classroom at a Native American boarding schools in Beaulieu, Minn., circa 1900.

# data[].attributes.body
W. Lynn

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Taking a picture for document so they dont go missing from the school.

# data[].attributes.body
G. Hamm

# data[].attributes.body
One of the first boarding schools  for Indians was located in Oregon and was constructed by Methodist missionary Jason Lee in 1835 at Mission Bottom on the east side of the Willamette River, near present-day Chemawa. The name of the boarding school was Forest Grove boarding school. Agents from reservations in all the western states and missionaries in Alaska sent Indian children, often orphans, to Chemawa, and many children were separated from their families and forced to attend the school. These boarding schools are focused on taking indians individualism and stripping them of their culture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Yakima School girls-First on reservation Boarding School

# data[].attributes.body
H. Johnson

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Federal investigation aims to uncover painful history

# data[].attributes.body
L. Andrews

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
1928-Meriam Report: Savages and Scoundrels

# data[].attributes.body
C. Barnes

# data[].attributes.body
The Native Americans also lost their old cultures throughout time. In 1860, Americans created the first boarding school for Indians. The government forced many families to put their kids into the school. At the school it was mandatory to learn English, American ways of living, religious training for Christianity, change names to American names, and wear proper clothing. Americans thought if they were taught the religious beliefs of Americans everyday, they would soon believe in Christianity and forget about their old culture. Their end goal was to completely demolish Indian culture. One boarding school then turned to sixty schools for 6,200 Indian students all learning the same things.

# data[].attributes.body
Many children were taken in total, by 1900 there were 20,000 children in Indian boarding schools, and by 1925 that number had more than tripled.

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1920s, a report concluded that children at federal boarding schools were malnourished, overworked, harshly punished and poorly educated.

# data[].attributes.body
C. Josefosky

# data[].attributes.body
Unspoken: America's Native American Boarding Schools

Connor josefosky

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

# data[].attributes.body
A. Williams

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Indigenous Children Are Still Dying in Boarding Schools

# data[].attributes.body
In 1892, the military post was deemed too expensive and transitioned into a boarding school. “This boarding school accepted all native students, especially those of nearby reservations, to assimilate Native American children to Euro-American ways and ideals.

# data[].attributes.headline
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act 1975

# data[].attributes.subject
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act 1975

# data[].attributes.body
In 1975, after much debate, Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act . The government could now contract with tribal governments for federal services. The act rejuvenated tribal governments by admitting, rejecting and countering previous paternalistic policies . Native American people were now able to operate their own schools. Since the act was passed more than seventy schools have taken charge of their own operations. Native Americans now have the chance to take control of their own education bringing their own languages, beliefs and philosophies to their schools.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Harper's Residential Schools Apology was "Attempt to Kill"

# data[].attributes.body
T. Temples

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A century of trauma at U.S. boarding schools for Native American children

# data[].attributes.headline
First students recruited for Carlisle Indian School

# data[].attributes.subject
First students recruited for Carlisle Indian School

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
 Identify Dozens of Native Students Who Died at Nebraska School - The New York Times

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School 

# data[].attributes.headline
Mt. Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School

# data[].attributes.subject
Mt. Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School

# data[].attributes.body
b.harrell

# data[].attributes.body
According to the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition (NABS), a Native-run nonprofit, 15 boarding schools and 73 total schools with federal funding remain open as of 2021.

# data[].attributes.body
Indian Boarding Schools are schools that were created in 1860. The children had to wear uniforms and cut off their hair. Children were separate from their families and friends. In 1928, the Merriam report was filed which reported that Indian children had been abused in the boarding schools and were overcrowded. Children were unhealthy and destroyed the heritage of the American Indian indigenous. The children that were sent to boarding schools lost years of being part of their culture. Boarding Schools staff assigned children to “details” working in the kitchen, barns, and gardens;washing dishes, tables, and floors;ironing; sewing; darning; carpentry. The schools also used an “outing” program that retained students for the summer and involuntarily leased them out to white homes as menial laborers.

# data[].attributes.body
During 1886 the Teller Indian School was an instrumental school which was built for children in 1886 then later children arrived in 1887.The Teller Institute had a difficult time recruiting children at first. Recruiters went to the Uintah Reservation, but the Utes refused to send their children to the school.Recruiters resorted to “hogtying” students and bringing them to the school.The school abandoned agriculture and became a dairy operation. It also trained children in the trades, including carpentry, leather crafts, saddle making, shoe and boot making, and sewing.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act was passed to decrease U.S. federal control of Native affairs and instead allowed for Native self-determination and self-governance. An example of this transition can be seen with the Santa Fe Indian School which was established in 1890 and originally implemented the Carlisle model. By the 1920s, the school began transitioning after Indigenous leaders fought to gain control over the school.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1978, 25%-35% of all Native American children were removed from their homes. This crisis gave tribal members serious concerns whether or not public child welfare and private adoption agencies had good or legal cause to remove children. Alarmed by history, statistics, and heartbreaking stories, Native American advocates pushed the federal government to pass the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978.

# data[].attributes.body
By October 1879 Lieutenant Pratt recruited  the first students for the Carlisle Indian school in Pennsylvania, opened 1879 as the first government -run  boarding school for Native American Children Forced assimilation of Native Children into a White American Society under the belief of “Kill the Indian, Save the man. Schools forced removal of indigenous cultural signifiers cutting the childrens hair, having them wear American - style uniforms, forbidding them from speaking their indigenous languages, and replacing their tribal names with English - language names.

# data[].attributes.body
In 2009, Congress passed a joint resolution of apology to Native Americans that included a reference to “the forcible removal of Native children from their families to faraway boarding schools where their Native practices and languages were degraded and forbidden.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Students and staff picture in front of Pipestone Indian school

# data[].attributes.body
J. Ingram

# data[].attributes.body
In 1892, the first Pipestone Indian School building was finished. Children began arriving from all over the Midwest from such tribes as the Dakota, Oneida, Pottawatomie, Arickaree, Sac and Fox. in 1892 Pipestone ran three boarding schools

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Census of Fort Shaw Industrial Indian School

# data[].attributes.body
B. Goodson

# data[].attributes.body
Fort Shaw Industrial School was one of the first Indian boarding schools established after Army officer Richard Pratt gave a speech in 1892 in which he summarized this philosophy as “kill the Indian…save the man.”

# data[].attributes.body
By 1900, more than 20,000 Indian children were in boarding schools throughout the United States. By 1925, that number had tripled. Upon arrival to these schools, Indian children were forced to cut their long hair, give up their traditional clothing and personal belongings, and forbidden to speak their own languages.

# data[].attributes.headline
 Addressing the legacy of the boarding schools.

# data[].attributes.subject
 Addressing the legacy of the boarding schools.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
American Indian Movement · Civil Rights Digital History Project 

# data[].attributes.headline
      The Pan - Indian Movement 1960s and 1970s

# data[].attributes.subject
      The Pan - Indian Movement 1960s and 1970s

# data[].attributes.body
Native Americans continued to fight to close down the schools. Self-determined education was a priority for the burgeoning pan-Indian movement in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1975, Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which granted tribes the ability to assume responsibility for programs that had been administered by the federal government

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Government Indian School, Main Building. Tomah, Wis.

# data[].attributes.body
P. Roberson

# data[].attributes.body
The Canadian schools were modeled on those in the United States, but the U.S. government is trailing behind Canada in its investigation. The Canadian government started a truth and reconciliation commission in 2008 to address the legacy of the boarding schools.

# data[].attributes.body
NABS is one of the only organizations compiling hard data on U.S. boarding school history—according to the information they've gathered, by the year 1926, nearly 83% of Native school-age children were attending boarding schools

Roughly 34,000  were in 1 school. An estimated 6,000 students died while at school (though that number is almost certainly too low). There are no equivalent figures for the American schools to help us wrap our heads around the magnitude of this story.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1870 Congress initiated an annual appropriation of $100,000 for Indian education. By 1893 the annual appropriation had risen to $2.3 million. The bulk of the money went to establishing day schools on or near Indian villages and later on reservations. By 1870 48 day schools were in operation, and the number had risen to 147 by 1900; the majority were on reservations in the Great Plains”.

# data[].attributes.body
Mt. Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School, Mt. Pleasant, Mich., founded 1893.

# data[].attributes.body
Wittenburg is a Native American boarding school founded in Wittenburg, Wisconsin in 1886.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, c. 1900.

# data[].attributes.headline
American Indian Boarding Schools' Timeline

# data[].attributes.subject
American Indian Boarding Schools' Timeline

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
American Indian Boarding Schools' Timeline

# data[].attributes.body
American Indian boarding schools were founded to eliminate traditional American Indian ways of life and replace them with mainstream American culture, which is called assimilation. The first boarding schools were set up starting in the mid-nineteenth century either by the government or Christian missionaries. Indian children were forced to go to boarding schools, away from their families, and far from their native tradititions and customs. In fact, they were so far from their customs and traditions, that they were punished for speaking their own languages. The people and following events that shaped this period in American History are presented in American Indian Boarding Schools' Timeline.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
American Indian Boarding Schools' Timeline

# data[].attributes.body
In 1887, the Morris Indian Boarding School located in Morris, Minnesota was established by the Sisters of Mercy.

# data[].attributes.body
“Beginning with the Indian Civilization Act Fund of March 3, 1819 and the Peace Policy of 1869 the United States, in concert with and at the urging of several denominations of the Christian Church, adopted an Indian Boarding School Policy expressly intended to implement cultural genocide through the removal and reprogramming of American Indian and Alaska Native children to accomplish the systematic destruction of Native cultures and communities. The stated purpose of this policy was to ‘Kill the Indian, Save the Man.’’ The Native American children traveled on trains, thousands of miles from their homes, to Pennsylvania’s Carlisle Indian Industrial School in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Many had been forcibly taken from their parents and communities.