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How was DNA first discovered and who discovered it? 

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How was DNA first discovered and who discovered it? 

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Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who actually just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.

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Greetings!

This interactive slide (on the link attached) will cover the basic structure of RNA and its function in living organisms. This knowledge is essential before we discover more about different types of RNA and how their roles are significant to synthesize protein in living cells.

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This section covers basic structure of RNA and its function in general. For more information, click on the available interactive elements, start from the top button to the bottom elements.

introduction to ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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pREPARED BY NURUL IZZAH ILIYANI BINTI MOHD RAMLID20211100743

sbu3043

concepts in biology

@thescienceoflife

What's an RNA?Figure 1.1: Comparison of DNA and RNA structures, retrieved from wikipedia.comRibonucleic Acid (RNA) is a type of biomolecule called nucleic acid. RNA is similar to the infamous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but rather than having double-stranded molecules like DNA, RNA is a single-stranded molecule; each nucleotide consists of a single ribose sugar molecule, nitrogen bases and a phosphate group. RNA has the same nitrogen bases as DNA does such as Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) except for Thymine (T) which is replaced by the Uracil (U) in the RNA.ReferencesAdmin. (2016, July). Structure of RNA. BYJUS; Byju's. https://byjus.com/biology/structure-of-rnaFowler, S., Roush, R., Wise, J., & College, O. (2016).Concepts of Biology.Openstax. (Original work published 2013)Lumen. (2009). Structure and Function of RNA | Microbiology. Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-rna/

General Structure of RNAFigure 2.1: Comparison of DNA and RNA general structures, retrieved from britannica.comGeneral structure of RNA:Consist of long, unbranched chains of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds between the 3'-OH of one pentose and 5'OH of the nextA nucleotide (monomer for nucleic acid) in RNA contains:Pentose unit: ribose (sugar)(Nitrogen base) Pyrimidine base (single-ring structure): Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C)(Nitrogen base) Purine base (double-ring structure): Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)Complementary base pair: A pairs with U or U pairs with A, G pairs with C or C pairs with G. Complementary base pairs arebonded with hydrogen bondsA phosphate groupFigure 2.2: A nucleotide structure in nucleic acid; both in RNA and DNA, retrieved from savemyexams.co.ukReferencesAdmin. (2016, July). Structure of RNA. BYJUS; Byju's. https://byjus.com/biology/structure-of-rnaLumen. (2009). Structure and Function of RNA | Microbiology. Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-rna/

General Function of RNAFigure 3.1: RNA structure and its function during transcription and translation to synthesize protein, retrieved from rk.mdGeneral Function:Convert genetic code from DNA to build proteins during transcription and translationServes as a messenger between the DNA and the ribosomesFunctions as an adapter molecule in protein synthesisGuides ribosomes to select the right acid amino in building new proteins in the bodySynthesis proteins (polypeptide) in our bodyReferencesAdmin. (2016, July). Structure of RNA. BYJUS; Byju's. https://byjus.com/biology/structure-of-rnaLumen. (2009). Structure and Function of RNA | Microbiology. Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-rna/

Structural Differences between DNA and RNAFigure 4.1(a)(b): Structural differences between DNA and RNA, retrieved from courses.lumenlearning.comDifferences include:Different pentose units in a nucleotide; deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA which has 1 extra oxygen molecule compared to deoxyribose in RNAHas the same nitrogen bases pair except for thymine in DNA which is replaced with uracil in RNAThe structural differences are due to:Provides stability for DNA to store genetic informationInstability of RNA structure serves a purpose as short-term functionsReferencesAdmin. (2016, July). Structure of RNA. BYJUS; Byju's. https://byjus.com/biology/structure-of-rnaLumen. (2009). Structure and Function of RNA | Microbiology. Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-rna/

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Introduction to Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) by Izzah Iliyani on Genially

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This section covers basic structure of RNA and its function in general. For more information, click on the available interactive elements, start from the top button to the bottom elements.

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Process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

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Despite these 3 models, we will focus on semi-conservative replication.

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DNA consists of two strands. They are not identical, however they are complementary to each other. Both strands run antiparallel to each other where one strand is inverted and opposite to the other. DNA direction is from 5' to 3' or 3' to 5'.

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Replication Bubble by NUR SYAZLEENIE SYAMIRA BT RAZALI on Genially. Note: Slightly move your cursor to the title to see the meaning.

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In the eukaryotic cell, DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. There are multiple origin of replication present. Thus, it speeding up the copying of the very long DNA molecule.

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Replication Bubble

An unwound and open region of DNA. Bubbles are created when the enzyme helicase separates the two strands of DNA.

Replication begins at specific sites where the two parental strands separate.

As DNA replication proceeds in both direction, the bubbles expand laterally.

The replication bubbles fuse and synthesize of the daughter strands is complete.

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@thescienceoflife

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Replication Bubble by Syazleenie Syamira on Genially

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Replication Bubble An unwound and open region of DNA. Bubbles are created when the enzyme helicase separates the two strands of DNA. Replication begins at specific sites where the two parental strands separate. As DNA replication proceeds in both direction, the bubbles expand laterally. The replication bubbles fuse and synthesize of the daughter strands is complete.

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DNA replication in prokaryotes start from a sequence found on the chromosome called the origin of replication. Prokaryotic cell usually have only one origin of replication on each circular DNA molecule.

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Components of DNA that involved in DNA Replication by NUR SYAZLEENIE SYAMIRA BT RAZALI on Genially

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Components of DNA and proteins that involved in DNA Replication

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Components of DNA and proteins that involved in DNA Replication

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@thescienceoflife

Add free DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the short RNA primer.

Synthesize RNA primer by adding RNA nucleotide that complementary to the DNA template.

Replaces the RNA primer by adding free DNA nucleotides thus producing new complete DNA strands.

Form phosphodiester bond to join Okazaki fragments together at lagging strand.

Stabilize and prevent the single stranded DNA from recoiling in helix until the strands are replicated.

Helps relieve the strain caused by the unwinding of DNA double stranded.

Unwind the double stranded DNA to become single stranded.

Small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesize of the lagging strand.

New DNA strand synthesized discontinuously and away from the replication fork.

New DNA strand synthesized continuously and towards the replication fork.

Also known as DNA clamp. It binds to the DNA polymerase III and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand.

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Components of DNA that involved in DNA replication by Syazleenie Syamira on Genially

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@thescienceoflife Add free DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the short RNA primer. Synthesize RNA primer by adding RNA nucleotide that complementary to the DNA template. Replaces the RNA primer by adding free DNA nucleotides thus producing new complete DNA strands. Form phosphodiester bond to join Okazaki fragments together at lagging strand.

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There are three types of RNA:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Now, let's take a look at each type of RNA as well as acknowledge how different their structures are in order to meet their own purposes!

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Here is a simple illustration that briefly depicts the mechanism of RNA which consists of mRNA, rRNA (ribosome) and tRNA. We'll find out about their work mechanisms during transcription and translation process in the gene expression lesson.

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Welcome to our page!

For this particular biology project, we, the members of group 2, will be providing teaching aid in many interactive forms and quizzes that cover the topic of DNA and RNA (Chapter 8) in SBU3043 course.

Our learning aims are:

✅ Acknowledge the discovery of DNA double helix structure

✅ Illustrate the structures of DNA and RNA and compare their differences

✅ Explain the DNA replication process

✅ Discuss the processes of transcription and translation that involved in gene expression

Learning scope or subtopics that we are going to cover are:

🧬 History: Discovery of DNA

🧬 DNA: Structure and Function & The Differences of DNA and RNA

🧬 DNA Replication

🧬 RNA: Structure and Function & Different Types of RNA

🧬 Gene Expression: Transcription and Translation

We would also like to introduce ourselves! Meet our team:
💠 Nurul Izzah Iliyani binti Mohd Ramli (D20211100743)
💠 Nurin Nabilah binti Mustaza (D20211097676)
💠 Nur Syazleenie Syamira binti Razali (D20211097661)
💠 Nur Ashyima binti Abdul Asis (D20201093793)
💠 Nur Hazimah binti Harifudin (D20201095489)

We sincerely hope our teaching aid could assist the students to revise important concepts of DNA and RNA by illustrating their structural differences, describing their functions and elaborating all processes involved such as DNA replication and gene expression in living organisms, specifically in eukaryotes cells.

Feel free to leave your feedback in order for us to improvise our teaching aid in the future. Happy reading and happy learning! 📚

Best regards,

The Science of Life Team.

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In the previous lecture, we've discussed all you need to know about RNA and how it is different from DNA. Now, let's test your knowledge!

Best of luck!
Prepared by NURUL IZZAH ILIYANI BINTI MOHD RAMLI

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Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards.

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Steps in DNA Replication by NUR SYAZLEENIE SYAMIRA BT RAZALI on Genially.

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Steps in DNA Replication by Syazleenie Syamira on Genially

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Discover more about Steps in DNA Replication ✌️ - Horizontal infographics

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Do not be sad or discourage if you cannot imagine the steps of DNA Replication. May this animation helps you to get a picture of how DNA Replication works.

There is always a failure before succeed.
Do not give up!

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You have learnt DNA Replication in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the enzymes and proteins that involved, steps in DNA Replication and how does it work.

Now, it is the time to see your understanding. Answer the question in Quizizz and see how much you can score. Break a leg! :)

Prepared by,
NUR SYAZLEENIE SYAMIRA BT RAZALI.

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Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards.

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Watson and Crick Model of DNA - DNA structure & Physiochemical Properties

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Feel free to test yourself!

Prepared by NUR ASHYIMA BINTI ABDUL ASIS

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Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards.

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🧬 DNA is a short form for deoxyribonucleic acid
🧬 DNA is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code
🧬 DNA carries all the information about how a living thing will look and function

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DNA

📚 double stranded except in few viruses
📚 have deoxyribose sugar
📚 bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
📚 adenine pairs with thymine
📚 it is the genetic material in all living organisms
📚 the length: quite large consisting of millions of nucleotides
📚 occurs only in one form in an organisms
it occurs in nucleus, nucleolus and extrachromosomal DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast

RNA

📚 single stranded expect in some viruses
📚 have ribose sugar
📚 bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
📚 adenine pairs with uracil
📚 it is the genetic material in some viruses
📚 the length: short consisting of only few thousands nucleotides
📚 3 types present in an organism: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA
📚 mRNA occurs in nucleolus, rRNA and tRNA occur in cytoplasm

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The material above shows an outline of a process that is considered as the central dogma of molecular biology: Gene Expression!

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💚- Adenine  💜-Thymine 💗-Cytosine  💙-Guanine  💛-Phosphate bacbone

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🔬 DNA contains four basic building blocks or bases which is:

- ADENINE

- CYTOSINE

- GUANINE

- THYMINE

🔬 Each strand is composed of long sequences of these four bases

🔬 DNA has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, like a twisted ladder

🔬 The sequence of these bases form the instructions in the genome

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How is DNA transcribed?

This material brings the answer with a thorough details of the process including videos and a game: everything on DNA transcription!

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DNA TRANSCRIPTION by Nurin Nabilah on Genially

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Discover more about DNA TRANSCRIPTION ✌️ - Video Presentation

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Feel free to test yourself!

Prepared by NUR HAZIMAH BINTI HARIFUDIN

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Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards.

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DNA Translation: Protein is synthesized!

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DNA Translation: Protein is synthesized!

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After transcription, translation of the mRNA will take place in the cytoplasm.

This interactive guide includes videos and highlights the key points in every stages in DNA translation: Initiation, Elongation and Termination.

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DNA TRANSLATION

The synthesis of protein!

START

@thescienceoflife

mRNA strands move out of nucleus after transcription and enter cytoplasm: which then are translated into amino acids

NEXT

nucleus

ribosomes

cytoplasm

G

C

A

A

G

C

U

U

A

mRNA strand

made up of nucleotides (nitrogenous bases) which are grouped into three letter codes called codon

codon = one group of codon encodes for a single amino acidcodon AUG (initiator/met codon)

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

3 STAGES OF TRANSLATION

Initiation

Key points:Small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA strand tRNA with anticodon complimentary to the initiator codon that carries a molecule of amino acid attaches to the mRNA The type of amino acid is determined by the anticodon sequence of tRNA Large ribosomal subunit with 3 translation regions (E, P and A)

The type of amino acid is determined by the anticodon sequence of tRNA based on this genetic code chart:Genetic code chart

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Diagram of the Initiation stage

The initiation stage is the first stage of DNA translation

Elongation

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Key points:Another tRNA carrying a molecule of amino acid through the complementary base pairing of anticodon and codon fits into the A siteBond is formed between the chain of amino acidsAs ribosome advances or translocate to another codon, a tRNA exits through the E siteThe repetition of amino acids binding causes elongation of the polypeptide

Diagram of the Elongation stage

The elongation stage is the second stage of DNA translation

Termination

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Key points:1 of 3 stop codons (UAA, UAG or UGA) reachedRelease factor causes ribosomal subunits and mRNA to dissociate.Complete polypeptide released

Diagram of the Termination stage

The termination stage is the last stage of DNA translation

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DNA TRANSLATION by Nurin Nabilah on Genially

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DNA TRANSLATION The synthesis of protein!

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Quiz time: Let's test your knowledge on the gene expression!

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Quiz time: Let's test your knowledge on the gene expression!

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Test yourself on the gene expression subtopic for a better understanding about this complex yet wonderful processes.

Goodluck!
Prepared by NURIN NABILAH BINTI MUSTAZA

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Join an activity with your class and find or create your own quizzes and flashcards.