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Twyla
1. What was the big message? 
Answer: 

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1. the big message was that breeding dogs can be dangerous at times and cause health issues with the dog
2. i read article 1
3.
4.

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1. all dogs mainly gained weight  and bones changed alot since back then
2.  the dangerous are there health problems can changed because the dna changed alot since back then
3. I wrote about article 3 i never knew dogs looked different from 1887 from 2020 the bone and i never knew a bull terrier looked different and changed into a completely  new dog
4. the big messages is dogs, changed because they were doing things they wern't susposed to.

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1. The big message was that it is bad to breed squash-faced dogs like pugs or french bulldogs because they have breathing issues and skkin issues and its immoral.
2. The way the article connected to what we are talking abouty today is how breeding can have negative effevcts if it is taken too far.
3. It suprised me that people are still getting these dogs like pugs from bad breeders and more people dont know about the health issues pugs and the like always seem to have.
4. But, it didnt suprise me that pugs have health issues.

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1.the bug message was that the people that had the dogs and they was angry because how they look.

2.the articular connected to what we are learning  is because right now we are learning about different breeds.

3. the thing that surprised me that most is that they made up a mixed name and its called Labradorean i think its really cool.

4.the thing that didn't surprise me is that is that the people was angry because they didn't want mixed dogs and

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1.They need it can cause disease.
2.They are mostly really talk bout the traits and genetics
3.
4.

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1.The big message was that humans breed dogs together to change the world.
2.The article connects to what we are learning  because it has to do with selective breeding.
3.What surprised me was that large dogs are prone to heat and small dogs are having a hard time being cold.This surprised me because large dogs will struggle in the summer
4.What didn't surprise me was that dogs would get diseases from breeding

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I read article #3
1. The big message of this article was to show how dogs are changing, for better or worse and what keeps happening in these changes.
2. The article related to what we are learning because when the dogs genes or their breeding was selected they changed a lot.
3. What surprised me the most was how they kept changing which was usually their eyes and nose getting closer and having more skin.
4. I was not surprised at how the bull terrier changed because I already knew about it.

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1. They need help, it can cause disease
2. They are talking about genes and traits
3. that they get cancer, and humans love the dogs, but other stuff happens to them.
4.

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1.What was the big message?
-The big message is that in the same way that inbreeding among human populations can increase the frequency of normally rare genes that cause diseases, the selective breeding that created the hundreds of modern dog breeds has put purebred dogs at risk for a large number of health problems, affecting both body and behavior.
2.How did the article connect to what we are learning today?
-About dog breeding.
3.What surprised you? Why?
-That dogs make so many different breeds.
4.What didn't surprised you?
-Nothing.

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the big message was that dogs have been able to change the world over time and it has given people a chance to learn about other dogs that are inbreeds .The  article connected to the stuff that we are learning today because we have been learning about genes and inbreeding dogs. something that surprised me was that poodles was a dog that was always highly prides what didn't surprised me would probably be when the article says that the dogs were very useful back in the olden times -Asia  

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the big message was that dogs have been able to change the world over time and it has given people a chance to learn about other dogs that are inbreeds .The  article connected to the stuff that we are learning today because we have been learning about genes and inbreeding dogs. something that surprised me was that poodles was a dog that was always highly prides what didn't surprised me would probably be when the article says that the dogs were very useful back in the olden times -Asia  

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1. The reason why the person who created the labradoodle is regretting creating the dog is because people would breed this dog and sell it for big bucks.
2. The reason why you should not buy a flat face dog is because it has a lot of problems and most vets dislike that
3. The way that the artical connected me by letting me know about 6 diffenrent breeds of dogs
4.
5.

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1.the big message in this artificial is that: some conditions are directly  related to the features  breeders.

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The big message is that a lot of people don't like smooched faced like dogs because they have like health problems and stuff.The thing that surprised me was that not a lot of people get squashed-faced breeds because they're so cute but then again I can see why they don't want to get them, because they have health problems. Who would want a dog with health problems? I would personally want a healthy dog.It didn't surprise me that celebrities were using them kind of dogs because they're small and cute.

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1.the big message here is that,all dogs or some can change based off of there function.
2.This article connected to what we are learning today because,even though they are the same dog they still don't look alike.
3.Something that surprised me was that,they the same dogs and they look different.
4.Nothing because I was shocked.

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1. The big message is that squashed faced dogs are getting bought a lot and people dont know the health terms they have
2.They talked about how they are selectively breeding these dogs or other dog breeds to have these traits
3.what surprised me is that people are buying dogs with out knowing there health conditions
4.what did not surprise me is that a lot of people buy these dog breeds

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1.
2.
3.  Something that surprised me we that all the dogs look chubby and they look older and low key lazy. You would think that they would look better but no and they look less scary.
4.

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1.The big message was that it was a mistake for him to let people sell labradoodles.
2. The article connected because we were talking about dogs and different breeds.
3.Nothing really surprised me im not new to this kind of stuff.
4. everything didn't surprise me because i'm not really interested in dog breeds.

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1.The big message is that people arent really attractited to sqaushed faced dogs.
2.
3.
4.

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1. The big message is that people shouldn't buy squashed-face dogs because if we do then people will keep breeding them and they will just keep having to live hard lives because of their health problems.
2. This article connects to what we are learning today because this all has to do with genetic alterations made by humans, and this article is about squashed-faced dogs, we we made through genetic alterations
3. Actually I wasn't really surprised because I already knew about this. I know people with pugs and I've heard about all of their health issues.
4. Oops sorry I wrote that for the third one

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1. The big message is that over time dog's genes changed from breeding.

2. We are learning about traits, and how parents pass on traits to their kids. With the dogs is the exact same thing.

3. How some dogs had totally different looks then now. one dog before had thinner fur and they were skinny. But now they are super chubby and big.

4. nothing really didn't surprise me.

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1. The big message was that how the breeds have changed over the years.
2. The article is talking about what we are learning today by the breeds and how they changed over the years.
3. The thing that surprised me is that is the change because some got bigger and dogs skin started dropping.
4. Maybe something that didn't surprise me is that

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Luca Articale Think twice About buying Squashed Faced Dogs

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Luca Articale Think twice About buying Squashed Faced Dogs

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1. The big message is people should think twice about buying
2. The articale conects to what we are learning because it is talking about animal breeds and traits
3. What suprised me is that 75% of the dog owners don't know about the desies
4. What didn't suprise me was that the pugs and french bull dogs where over breed

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1. The dog breeds all changed overtime.
2. We were learning about how dog breeds changed and i see exactly what happened.
3. The Bull Terrier clanged into a completely new dog.
4. All the dogs mainly gained weight.

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1. The big message was to tell everyone that you shouldn't breed pugs because it'll end up in bad results. It also said you should be aware of there health problems before adopting one.

2. The article connects to what we're learning because we were researching about dogs and the different breeds.

3.  What suprised me was that most of these owners didn't know about pugs health problems, in my opinion I think you should research and know those kind of things.

4. What didn't suprise me was that pugs are so popular because celebrities have them, I feel like a lot of people just care about looking cool and not paying much attention to the dogs problems.

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1.The big message was how like squashed face dogs have a lot of health problems.
2.Becasue we are learning about genetics and traits.
3.I was suprised that only 10% of people could see that the dog was having health problems.
4.Im not suprised that 43% of people that own these dogs are celebiritys.

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1. the big message was that a lot of different breeds of dogs can change the world.
2. it connected with when we were talking about inbreeding.
3.what surprised me is that so many dogs actually help to make this world better.
4.something that didn't surprise me is that the dogs would get diseases from the breeding.

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1.  Conron did not intentionally create labradoodles for it to be a cute pet and people to sell it for big bucks. He made labradoodles to help a blind woman in Hawaii since she couldn't use a regular guide dog because her husband is allergic to it. He regrets it because humans are ignoring how labradoodles developed health problems.
2.
3. Well I'm not that interested in dogs, but I learned that the creator of Labradoodle did not intend for it to be a cute pet but instead to help a blind women, he also regrets his creation.
4. unscrupulous breeders have created Labradoodles that develop health problems

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1.the bug message was that the people that had the dogs and they was angry because how they look.

2.the articular connected to what we are learning  is because right now we are learning about different breeds.

3. the thing that surprised me that most is that they made up a mixed name and its called Labradorean i think its really cool.

4.the thing that didn't surprise me is that is that the people was angry because they didn't want mixed dogs and the person that created the name had the dog and thought like well i should change it to a difference name.

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1.The message, that this article was trying to give, was to tell about a campaign that's trying to educate, and help people the potential struggles of getting a flat faced dog and all the medical treatment have to go through because,of their breed and how you should be responsible, and careful

2.The article connects to what we are learning because it talks about the ups and down of breeding,why you should be careful with what dogs you should buy and how to educate yourself , and how breeding affects dogs,and etc

3.I didn't know that flat faced dogs carried so many diseases, or are more likely too between dogs

4.The fact that people weren't educating themselves before getting the dog and not knowing they would have to go through all this medical treatment, and just got it because of  little  things they saw how it looked

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1.That dog breeding based on what humans want can cause diseases in the dogs.

2.This connects because, the owners want new traits from their dogs.
3.What surprised me is that there is several different types of Terrier's.
4.What didn't surprise me is that if you inbreed  it can cause diseases .

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Choose 1 article to read and read the article on your own.
-Double Click on the Padlet background and create a text, start with your name
-Reflect on the article by answering these four questions. This is your participation grade for today:
1. What was the big message?
2. How did the article connect to what we are learning today?
3. What surprised you? Why?
4. What didn't surprise you?

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1.Why Labradoodle creator regret breeding the "Frankenstein monster"

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1.Why Labradoodle creator regret breeding the "Frankenstein monster"

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W

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The dog breeder responsible for inventing the Labradoodle is regretting a creation he calls a "Frankenstein monster."

Wally Conron, 90, spoke on a podcast with Australia's ABC News about first breeding a Labrador and a poodle in 1989 and the subsequent trend of designer dog breeds that he believed it unleashed.

"I opened a Pandora's box and released a Frankenstein monster," he said.

"I released the reason for these unethical, ruthless people to breed these dogs and sell them for big bucks - that's my big regret."

This isn't the first time Conron has publicly questioned his creation. He told The Associated Press in 2014 that he believed he'd "done a lot of damage."

"I've created a lot of problems,'' he said at the time.

Conron believes unscrupulous breeders have created Labradoodles that develop health problems.

"I find that the biggest majority (of Labradoodles) are either crazy or have a hereditary problem," he said on the podcast. "But I do see some ... nice Labradoodles."

The dogs can develop health issues like hip dysplasia and eye disease, but are "generally considered healthy dogs," according to the Australian Labrador Association of America.

Conron's initial intention in creating the Labradoodle while he was at Guide Dogs Victoria in Australia had nothing to do with producing a cute pet.

He said he was trying to help a blind woman in Hawaii who wanted a guide dog, but her husband was allergic to the traditional Labrador retrievers used as service dogs.

Poodles have non-shedding coats that aren't as problematic for people with allergies, leading Conron to breed one with a Labrador in the late 1980s.

Three Labradoodle puppies were born, one of which was sent to the woman in Hawaii after it was determined her husband could tolerate it.

Other people looking for service dogs were not receptive the Labradoodles because they were not purebred, so Conron said he branded them as Labradoodles. Soon had requests coming from around the world.

"It was a gimmick,'' he said. "They were a crossbreed, nobody wanted them, but everybody wanted a Labradoodle. Same dog, different name.

"I realized what I had done within a matter of days. And I went to our big boss at the time and I said to him, 'Look, I've created a monster. We need to do something about it to control it.'"

Labrador retrievers have been the most popular pure dog breed in the U.S. for 28 years, according to the American Kennel Club. Poodles are also one of the top breeds, coming in at No. 7 on the AKC's most recent list.

The AKC says that crossbreeds like the Labradoodle "are often bred solely for looks."

Don't tell NBC Nightly News anchor Lester Holt that labradoodles are "Frankenstein" creations.

He's a proud owner of a 2-year-old Labradoodle, Lucy, who has become a beloved part of the family and an integral part of his morning routine.

"She constantly makes us laugh," he told TODAY in March. "She's a little performer."

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Why Labradoodle creator regrets breeding the 'Frankenstein monster'

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The dog breeder responsible for inventing the Labradoodle is regretting a creation he calls a "Frankenstein monster." Wally Conron, 90, spoke on a podcast with Australia's ABC News about first breeding a Labrador and a poodle in 1989 and the subsequent trend of designer dog breeds that he believed it unleashed.

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2. Think Twice About Buying 'squashed-faced' breeds, vets urge dog lovers

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2. Think Twice About Buying 'squashed-faced' breeds, vets urge dog lovers

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Vets have urged dog-lovers to think twice about buying squashed-faced dogs such as pugs and French bulldogs, after many would-be owners were found to be unaware of the health problems such breeds often experience.

According to data from the Kennel Club, registrations of squashed-faced, or brachycephalic, breeds have shot up in recent years: while just 692 French bulldogs were registered in 2007, registrations reached 21,470 in 2016.

Certain DNA variations in dogs are linked to a short skull shape. The animals' baby-like faces with large, round, wide-set eyes and flat noses are known to be a key factor in why owners choose such breeds: over time those traits have been bred for, and in some cases have been taken to extremes.

This selective breeding and prioritising appearance over health has left the breeds prone to skin disorders, eye ulcers and breathing difficulties among other problems.

Now the British Veterinary Association (BVA) has launched a campaign dubbed #breedtobreathe to draw attention to the issues, revealing that a new survey of 671 vets found 75% of owners were unaware of the health problems of brachycephalic breeds before they chose their squashed-faced dog. Moreover the vets said just 10% of owners could spot health problems related to such breeds, with many thinking that problems including snorting were "normal" for such dogs.

Brachycephalic dogs graph

The survey also revealed that 49% of vets thought advertising and social media were among the reasons behind the surge in ownership of these dogs, while 43% said celebrity ownership was one of the driving factors.

"We find that our veterinary surgeons are finding increasing numbers of flat-faced dogs are coming into their practices with problems which are related to the way these animals are made," said John Fishwick, president of the BVA. "One of the things that is causing this increase that we have seen over the last few years appears to be celebrity endorsements and their use in advertising."

Among those criticised by the BVA are pop star Lady Gaga, who is often photographed with her French bulldogs, and YouTube star Zoella, whose pug features in her videos. Big brands are also targeted; the organisation revealed that Heinz, Costa and Halifax have all agreed to avoid using squashed-faced dogs in future advertising.

Q&A
What sort of health problems do brachycephalic dogs have?

Breeds such as pugs, bulldogs, French bulldogs and boxers are prone to a range of health problems, many of which are related to their short skulls and other characteristic features.

Breathing problems
Brachycephalic breeds often have narrow nostrils, deformed windpipes and excess soft tissues inside their nose and throat - all of which can lead to difficulties with breathing, which can also lead to heart problems. The dogs are also prone to overheating.

The shortened upper jaws of squashed-faced dogs means their teeth are crowded, increasing the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.

Skin disorders
The deep folds around the dogs' faces, such as the characteristic wrinkles of a bulldog, also bring problems as they are prone to yeast and bacterial infections.
Eye conditions
The head shape and prominent eyes of brachycephalic breeds means the dogs are at risk of eye conditions including ulcers. Among the causes of eye ulcers is that brachycephalic dogs often cannot blink properly and have problems with tear production, while eyelashes or nasal folds can also rub the surface of their eyes.

Brachycephalic breeds can have difficulties giving birth naturally because of the disproportionate size of the puppies' heads, meaning that caesarean sections are often necessary. According to recent research more than 80% of Boston terrier, bulldog and French bulldog puppies in the UK are born in this manner.

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The BVA is urging people to send letters to brands asking them not to use such dogs in promotional material. The campaign also aims to raise awareness of potential health problems of squashed-face breeds, and stresses the need for vets, owners, dog-show judges, breeders, researchers and others to work together to make sure the breeds are healthy.

"They are lovely breeds of dog, they are very friendly and they make good pets," said Fishwick. "The problem is a lot of them are really struggling, and we really want to make sure people understand this and encourage them to think about either going for another breed or a healthier version of these breeds - ones which have been bred to have a longer snout ... or possibly even cross breeds."

The BVA warned that without action, the number of corrective surgeries needed on such animals will soar.
At last! Paid days off for new pet owners are a sign of progress | Paul Fleckney
Caroline Kisko, secretary of the Kennel Club urged owners to do their homework before buying a squashed-faced dog. "As soon as you get a market drive then the puppy farms just say 'ooh we'll breed those now,'" she said.

But Dr Rowena Packer of the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) said the problem is not confined to new owners, with recent research from the RVC finding that more than 90% of pug, French bulldog and English bulldog owners said they would own another such dog in the future. "It is not just going to be a flash in the pan that we see this huge surge and then it goes away," she said.

It has been suggested that vets may be unwilling to speak out for fear that owners will simply take their pets elsewhere, damaging business.

But Packer disagrees, saying: "I don't think any vet went into [the job] hoping that their salary would be paid by the suffering of dogs who have been bred to effectively have problems."

Dr Crina Dragu, a London-based veterinary surgeon, noted that not all squashed-faced dogs have problems. "You see the ones that have happy lives, normal lives, and you see the ones that the minute they are born they spend their entire lives as though [they are being smothered] with a pillow all day, every day," she said.

Packer said prospective owners should be aware squashed-faced dogs can be an expensive commitment: "I think they need to be aware of both the emotional and financial hardship that they could be putting themselves and their dogs through for potentially five to 10 years."
Topics

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Think twice about buying 'squashed-faced' breeds, vets urge dog-lovers

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Vets have urged dog-lovers to think twice about buying squashed-faced dogs such as pugs and French bulldogs, after many would-be owners were found to be unaware of the health problems such breeds often experience.

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3. How 6 Dog Breeds Have Changed Over Time

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3. How 6 Dog Breeds Have Changed Over Time

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Dogs have been domesticated by humans for centuries, and even certain breeds have been around almost as long.

Almost all breeds have developed a special look based somewhat on their function. While many functions, such as hunting and carting, have been lost over the years, dogs are increasingly bred more for the conformation show ring. Dog shows aren't anything new, however; the AKC was founded in 1884 and the first Westminster dog show held in 1877. Breeders of all dogs have spent years and even lifetimes trying to maintain and improve their beloved dogs, and it's not surprising that changes happen.

Unfortunately, those changes may not always affect the breeds in a positive way. If you haven't had a chance to look into the history of dog breeds, it's worth the reading! Here we've compiled a list of how six dog breeds that have changed significantly since their origin.

#1 - Bull Terrier

The Bull Terrier originated as a bull baiting dog until the sport was outlawed. While they're most iconic feature is their egg-shaped head, the breed did not start out that way. The dogs in the mid-19th century typically had a normal stop, that has managed to disappear and turn convexed.

#2 - Chinese Shar Pei

This Chinese dog has mostly changed from his initial founding studs, as you can see from these photos. While the traditional Shar Pei had only mild wrinkling, the modern-day dogs have an enormous amount of excess skin. Fortunately, there are breeders working towards the traditional Bone Mouth Shar Pei - a bloodline much closer to the original dogs.

#3 - Chow Chow

Chow Chows originated as a guard dog in China, and is one of the most ancient breeds still in existence today. Because of this, they've had quite a number of years to change their appearance. While the former dogs had a little less coat and longer muzzles, the modern dogs have a much more mastiff-style look to their heads and bodies.

#4 - English Bulldog

While the term "bulldog" has been used for centuries, the dog we now know as the English Bulldog started off as a bull baiting dog in the 1800's. Their agility has almost disappeared with their new body type. What used to be a short-nosed, but muscular and squarer dog has now become mostly fat and wrinkles.

#5 - German Shepherd Dog

The German Shepherd Dog originated as a herding and guard dog in the early 1900's in Germany. Although it's use as a herding dog has almost nearly gone by the wayside, it's use as a protection dog has been relatively maintained. There are quite a few different bloodlines of German Shepherd Dogs. While the West German and American show dogs have each moved very far away from the original dog, breeders of working bloodlines have preserved some of the original structure and temperament - making these the only bloodline of German Shepherds suitable for any police and military protection work.

#6 - Neapolitan Mastiff

This Italian Mastiff has become almost unrecognizable. While the former dogs maintained a more mastiff-like appearance, the modern-day Neo can barely be found underneath his excess skin. Neapolitan Mastiffs were once large, agile, and powerful dogs. While they may still be large and powerful, they have become riddled with health concerns and a lack of working ability due to their appearance.

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Dogs have been domesticated by humans for centuries, and even certain breeds have been around almost as long. Almost all breeds have developed a special look based somewhat on their function. While many functions, such as hunting and carting, have been lost over the years, dogs are increasingly bred more for the conformation show ring.

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In the same way that inbreeding among human populations can increase the frequency of normally rare genes that cause diseases, the selective breeding that created the hundreds of modern dog breeds has put purebred dogs at risk for a large number of health problems, affecting both body and behavior.

Some conditions are directly related to the features breeders have sought to perpetuate among their dogs. As they deliberately manipulated the appearance of dogs to create or accentuate physical characteristics that were considered aesthetically pleasing, like the flat face of a bulldog or low-slung eyelids of a Bloodhound, breeders also created physical disabilities. The excessively wrinkled skin of the Chinese Shar-Pei causes frequent skin infection; Bulldogs and other flat-faced (or brachycephalic) breeds such as the Pekingese have breathing problems because of their set-back noses and shortened air passages; Bloodhounds suffer chronic eye irritation and infection.

The unnaturally large and small sizes of other breeds encourage different problems. For example, toy and miniature breeds often suffer from dislocating kneecaps and heart problems are more common among small dogs. Giant dogs such as Mastiffs, Saint Bernards, and Great Danes are nearly too big for their own good. Researchers have found a striking correlation between a dog's large size and a frequency of orthopedic problems like hip dysplasia. Large dogs are often prone to heat prostration because they can't cool down their bodies (tiny dogs, by contrast, have a hard time staying warm), and because of the massive weight they must support, these breeds are prone to malignant bone tumors in their legs. Meanwhile, the huge head and narrow hips of the Bulldog can necessitate that their pups must be born by Caesarean section.

Other health problems among purebreds are the product of both inbreeding and bad genetic luck. The genes responsible for many genetic diseases are "recessive," which means that two copies of a damaged gene, one from the mother and one from the father, must be present in an individual for the disease to occur. Individuals that carry only one copy of the disease gene don't have the condition, and are carriers of the disease. Normally, because disease genes are relatively rare, it is unlikely that both the mother and the father will be carriers, and even less likely that they'll both give the disease gene to their offspring. But that's not the case for purebred dog breeds, where genetically similar individuals are intentionally mated, increasing the concentration of disease genes. It's like stacking a deck of cards with ten extra aces and ten extra face cards; the loaded deck increases your chance of hitting blackjack in a game of 21-but what you "win" might be allergies or a predisposition to cancer.
Skin problems
A skin allergy, atopic dermatitis, inflicts itchy, inflamed skin on as many as 15 percent of all dogs, but certain breeds are particularly susceptible. Dog breeds prone to atopic dermatitis include Dalmatians, Vizslas, and several terriers, such as the Boston Terrier, Bull Terrier, and the West Highland White Terrier. The numerous skin folds of a Chinese Shar-Pei, so valued by some breeders, can become breeding grounds for staphylococcus and other bacteria, which cause frequent skin infections. Also, excess wrinkles of skin on the face can rub on the eye, causing lesions and, potentially, blindness.
Immune system disease
In autoimmune disorders, an individual's immune system, which normally works to fight off foreign invaders, launches a misguided attack against its own tissues and cells. A number of inherited diseases compromising the immune system have been noted in dogs, including primary severe combined immunodeficiency (a dog version of the "bubble boy" disease) among Basset hounds, Cardigan Welsh Corgis, and Dachshunds. Addison's disease, an autoimmune disease that affects the hormone-producing adrenal glands, occurs more frequently among several particular breeds, including the Bearded Collie, Portuguese Water Dog, and Standard Poodles. Diabetes mellitus, an autoimmune disorder affecting the body's response to sugars, shows up more frequently among Samoyeds and Australian Terrier dogs.
Blood disorders
Bassett Hounds are prone to an inherited abnormality the effects the ability of the platelets in the blood to clump together after an injury. The blood doesn't clot properly, leading to hemorrhage and bruising. Clotting problems also plague dogs with von Willebrand's disease, a genetic condition frequent in Doberman Pinschers.
Neurological, behavioral, and sensory
Neurological and behavioral problems afflict many pure breeds. Bull Terriers, for example, often compulsively chase their tails. Pugs are be predisposed to Pug Dog encephalitis, a fatal brain disease. Scottish Terriers are affected by Scottie Cramp, a disorder that causes the dogs to lose muscle control when they get excited. German Shepherds may inherit degenerative myelopathy, a crippling spinal cord disease that causes weakness and eventually paralysis.
Hearing and vision
Hereditary hearing loss is common in Dalmatians, Australian Cattle Dogs, and English Setters. Alaskan Malamutes, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds, Bichon Frise, and more than 60 other purebred dogs suffer from inherited forms of cataracts, while progressive retinal atrophy, a common cause of blindness in purebreds, is particularly a problem in Old English Sheepdogs and Papillons.
Heart disease
Sudden death from cardiac disease is recurrent in several dog breeds, including Doberman Pinschers, Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, and German Shepherds. Boxers can be genetically predisposed to an irregular heartbeat. High blood pressure afflicts many small breeds including Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Staffordshire terriers, among others.
Other organs and systems
Low thyroid function crops up most frequently in Alaskan Malamutes, English Setters, Golden Retrievers, Keeshonds, Samoyeds, and Siberian Huskies. Gastric torsion, or bloat, a potentially life-threatening inability to expel gas from the digestive system, is common among deep-chested breeds such as the Great Dane, Doberman, and German Shepherd. An inherited form of kidney disease affects English Cocker Spaniels, while Dalmatians are prone to kidney stones and Basenjis suffer from Fanconi Syndrome, a potentially fatal inherited disease in which the kidneys fail to reabsorb nutrients. Liver damage and cirrhosis are common in Bedlington Terriers because of an inherited condition called copper toxicosis, in which high levels of copper accumulate in the liver.
Cancer
Cancers are strongly influenced by genetics, and so it is not surprising to find various types of cancer among different dog breeds. For example, bone cancer, or osteosarcoma, is considerably more frequent among large and giant breeds of dogs, such as the Irish Wolfhound, Great Dane, Rottweiler, Labrador and Golden Retriever, Greyhound, and Saint Bernard, because their bones are stressed by carrying so much weight. High rates of malignant blood vessel tumors are seen among Golden Retrievers, which are also prone to leukemia and brain tumors. German Shepherd Dogs and Chow Chows are predisposed to gastric cancer, while Scottish Terriers are 18 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than are other breeds.
Orthopedic
Hip dysplasia, in which looseness in the hip joint causes excessive wear that eventually leads to arthritis, is most common among large dogs, especially those like the German Shepherd Dog and the Saint Bernard which have heavy, broad hips. The long neck and large head of breeds such as the Great Dane and the Doberman can cause the compression of the spinal cord in neck vertebrae, leading to wobbling and falling ("wobbler syndrome"). Selective breeding of the disproportionately short legs of breeds such as the Basset Hound and the Dachshund has led to bowed legs and chronic problems with elbow dislocation; the short legs and long back of Dachshunds causes them to suffer more often from ruptured vertebral disks. Because of their small bones, toy and miniature breeds are more likely to experience patellar luxation, the slipping or dislocation of the kneecaps.

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Dogs That Changed The World | Selective Breeding Problems | Nature | PBS

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In the same way that inbreeding among human populations can increase the frequency of normally rare genes that cause diseases, the selective breeding that created the hundreds of modern dog breeds has put purebred dogs at risk for a large number of health problems, affecting both body and behavior.

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The lucrative market for dogs that are intelligent, potentially shed-free, and ideally hypoallergenic - and yet, aren't poodles - has led breeders to cross poodles with every other breed imaginable.

There are goldendoodles and labradoodles, bernedoodles and whoodles, giant schnoodles and great danoodles, doxiepoos and eskipoos. The list goes on.

The mixes have become so popular that onlookers who see Katie Sullivan walking her purebred poodle - as in a poodle mixed with a poodle - don't even recognize the breed.

"People look at her and say, 'Is she a labradoodle? A big cockapoo?" said Sullivan, of Wellesley.

Sullivan's teenager simplifies interactions by giving the public what it expects: a cutesy name. "She's a purepoo," she'll say, or an "Irish poodle," which isn't even a breed.

That's pretty funny, unless you are a purebred poodle breeder, in which case you've had enough of the Doodle-Poo Industrial Complex.

"What they want from the breed is the non-shedding coat and that's it," said veteran poodle breeder Joan Harrigan, of Phippsburg, Maine. "It's insulting."

"If you want a dog with poodle characteristics - intelligence, non-shedding - then get a poodle," said Pauline Simmons, the president of the Poodle Club of Massachusetts and a toy poodle breeder .

"When I was a child they were called mutts and could be adopted free or for a small donation," noted Sue Zecco, a standard poodle breeder in Oakham. "Now they are called designer breeds and sold for thousands of dollars."

"More often than not, these mixes result in poor health and inconsistent temperament," the Poodle Club of America wrote in an e-mailed statement to the Globe.

If purebred poodle breeders can take pleasure in one thing, it's this: the remorse of a man named Wally Conron.

In the 1980s, Conron was the puppy breeding manager for the Royal Guide Dog Association of Australia. Asked to provide a guide dog for a blind woman who needed a non-shedder because of her husband's allergies, he at first tried to make a poodle work. But when he couldn't find one that was right for the job, he mated a Labrador retriever with a standard poodle.

With so many people waiting to foster puppies, Conron figured he'd place them quickly. But no one wanted a mixed breed. That's when he came up with the name he now regrets: Labradoodle.

The gimmick worked - too well - and Conron grew concerned about unscrupulous breeders and potential health issues. "I opened a Pandora's box, that's what I did," he told The Guardian in 2010. "I released a Frankenstein."

We'll get to assertions about health and temperament issues, but first let's pause to note that the doodle and poo people may bring some of the hostility on themselves.

Despite the fact that their dogs are half - or more! - poodle, many owners openly diss poodles.

On Beacon Hill, Karen Fabbri, the owner of two goldendoodles, Gus and Sadie, makes sure to give their groomer very specific styling directions. "I don't want them to look like poodles," Fabbri said.

Poodle shame runs so deep that Fabbri and some other owners don't like to think about their beloved dogs' poodle heritage. "Every time they do something good we say, 'that's the golden,'" she said.

What do people have against poodles anyway? One explanation comes from Amanda Lion, the treasurer of Poodle Rescue of New England - an organization that now assists more poodle mixes than straight poodles.

"A lot of people say, 'My grandmother had a poodle and it was the nastiest thing,'" she said. "Or they say it was a biter. But poodles are misunderstood."

She counted the ways: "They are extremely smart and loyal. They are lovable, intuitive, sensitive. They are very human-like."

Let's make sure to give poodles their due: No one disputes that they have forever owned the birthday party balloon-dog market. But beyond that, they're the subject of New Yorker cartoons, ridiculed as snooty, the cats of the dog world.

But it turns out the very attribute largely responsible for their image issues - their haircuts - come from their working-dog roots. Poodles like swimming, which made them excellent at retrieving fowl felled into lakes or ponds during hunts, according to Jesse Nee-Vogelman, an artist in residence at the Signet Society, a Harvard arts organization, who wrote a brief history of the poodle.

"During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of early poodle hunting parties," he wrote, "dog trainers developed the standard working clip: hair around the major joints to provide warmth while the dogs were swimming in cool water, with the remainder of the coat shaved to prevent drag and increase visibility.

"Though these coats were neither combed-out nor blow-dried, as many competition coats now often are, experts believe they provided the basic shape for the otherwise inexplicably silly standard poodle shave we see today."

Speaking of the "silly" shave ... many doodle and poo buyers don't realize they're buying a dog with serious grooming needs, or that they might not be hypoallergenic. After all, there's a chance they have inherited the non-poodle fur gene.

Monthly professional washing and trimming can easily run $100 - and woe to the owner who doesn't regularly comb the dog's coat. It can become matted and require an expensive buzz cut.

Home trimming, while possible, is challenging, as Karen Shapiro, of Needham, learned after she trimmed her maltipoo's coat - a DIY solution she tried once. "It was not a good sight," she said.

Meanwhile, in Jamaica Plain, at Angell Animal Medical Center, staff veterinarian Susan O'Bell says she and colleagues don't know whether the mixed poodles suffer more health problems than other dogs.

"We've all been on high alert because the [mixed poodles] are relatively new," she said. "In veterinary medicine as a whole we could use more data."

But, she added, "I wish they would all play nice. Doodles aren't going away."

Beth Teitell can be reached at beth.teitell@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @bethteitell.

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Golden doodles, whoodles, and giant schnoodles - oh my! - The Boston Globe

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The lucrative market for dogs that are intelligent, potentially shed-free, and ideally hypoallergenic - and yet, aren't poodles - has led breeders to cross poodles with every other breed imaginable. There are goldendoodles and labradoodles, bernedoodles and whoodles, giant schnoodles and great danoodles, doxiepoos and eskipoos. The list goes on.