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John - 4
Ethan - 3
Carter - 3
Blake - 2

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polygamy happens in this part

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In the state of nature, people were generally polygamous, as are most animals. With many animals, the male leaves the female soon after mating and long before any offspring are born.

According to genetic studies, it is only relatively recently, about 10,000 years ago, that monogamy began to prevail over polygamy in human populations. Monogamous unions may have developed in tandem with sedentary agriculture, helping to preserve land and property within the same narrow kin group.

Polygamy may enable a man to sire more offspring, but monogamy can, in certain circumstances, represent a more successful overall reproductive strategy. In particular, by guarding a single female, a male can ensure that the female's offspring are also his, and prevent the infants from being killed by male rivals intent on returning the female to fertility.

Historically and still today, most cultures that permit polygamy permit polygyny (a man taking two or more wives) rather than polyandry (a woman taking two or more husbands). In the Gallic War, Caesar claims that, among ancient Britons, 'ten and even twelve men have wives in common', particularly brothers, he says, or fathers and sons-which to me sounds more like group marriage than polyandry proper.

Polyandry is typically tied to a scarcity of land and resources, as, for example, in certain parts of the Himalayas, and serves to limit population growth. If it involves several brothers married to one wife (fraternal polyandry), it also protects the family's land from division. In Europe, this was generally achieved through the feudal rule of primogeniture ('firstborn'), by which the eldest legitimate son inherited the entire estate of both his parents. Primogeniture has antecedents in the Bible, with, for example, Esau selling his 'birthright' to his younger brother Jacob.

Today, most countries that endorse polygamy-invariably in the form of polygyny-are countries with a Muslim majority or sizeable Muslim minority. In some countries, such as India, polygamy is legal only for Muslims. In others, such as Russia and South Africa, it is illegal but not criminalized.

Under Islamic marital jurisprudence, a man can take up to four wives, so long as he treats them all equally. While it is true that Islam permits polygyny, it does not require or impose it: marriage can only occur by mutual consent, and a bride can stipulate that her husband-to-be not take a second wife. Monogamy is by far the norm in Muslim societies, as most men cannot afford to maintain more than one family, and many of those who can would rather do without the trouble. Even so, polygyny remains very common across much of West Africa.

Polygamy is illegal or criminalized across Europe and the Americas, in China, Australia, and other countries. Despite this, there are many instances of polygamy in the West, especially within immigrant communities and certain religious groups like the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church) and other Mormon fundamentalists.
The pros and cons
A man who takes more than one wife satisfies some of his sexual urges, signals his high social status, and generally feels happier about himself. His many children supply him with a ready source of labor, and the means, through arranged marriages, to forge multiple social, economic, and political alliances. Polygyny may be costly, but in the long term, it can make a rich man richer.

Even in monogamous societies, powerful men often establish long-term sexual relationships with women other than their wives (concubinage), except that in this case the junior partners and the children born to them do not enjoy the same legal protections as the 'legitimate' wife and children. In some cases, a man might get divorced to marry a much younger woman (serial monogamy), thereby monopolizing the reproductive lifespan of more than one woman without incurring the social stigma of polygamy.

Polygyny might even benefit the women involved, who may come to enjoy one another's company and share out the burdens of housekeeping and childrearing. Younger wives may add to the social standing of the first wife, while at the same time reducing her workload. In times of war, with high male absenteeism and mortality, polygyny supports population growth and replenishment by ensuring that every female can find a mate.

Polygyny also has many drawbacks, particularly when seen through a modern, western lens. First and foremost, it sanctions and perpetuates gender inequality, with co-wives officially and patently subordinated to their husband. Women in polygynous unions tend to marry at a younger age, into a setup that, by its very nature, fosters jealousy, competition, and conflict, with instances of co-wives poisoning one another's offspring in a bid to advantage their own. Although the husband ought in principle to treat his co-wives equally, in practice he will almost inevitably favor one over the others-most likely the youngest, most recent one. Tensions may be reduced by establishing a clear hierarchy among the co-wives, or if the co-wives are sisters (sororal polygyny), or if they each keep a separate household (hut polygyny).

While polygyny may benefit the men involved, it denies wives to other men, especially young, low-status men, who tend to measure their success by their manhood, that is, by the twin parameters of social status and fertility. With little to lose, these frustrated men are much more likely to turn to crime and violence, including sexual violence and warmongering. It can be no coincidence that polygamy is practiced in all of the 20 most unstable countries on the Fragile States Index.

All this is only aggravated by the brideprice, a payment from the groom to the bride's family. Brideprice is a frequent feature of polygynous unions and is intended to compensate the bride's family for the loss of a pair of hands. Divorce typically requires that the brideprice be returned, forcing many women to remain in miserable or abusive marriages. If polygamous unions are common, the resulting shortage of brides inflates the brideprice, raising the age at which young men can afford to marry while incentivizing families to hive off their daughters at the soonest opportunity, even at the cost of interrupting their education. Brideprice if often paid in cows, and, to afford a bride, young men may resort to cattle raids and other forms of crime. Gang leaders and warlords attract new recruits with the promise of a bride or an offer to cover their brideprice.

Polygyny also tends to disadvantage the offspring. On the one hand, children in polygamous families share in the genes of an alpha male and stand to benefit from his protection, resources, influence, outlook, and expertise. But on the other hand, their mothers are younger and less educated, and they receive a divided share of their father's attention, which may be directed at his latest wife, or at amassing resources for his next one. They are also at greater risk of violence from their kin group, particularly the extended family. Overall, the infant mortality in polygynous families is considerably higher than in monogamous families.

There are several instances of polygamy in the Old Testament: Moses had two wives, Abraham three, Jacob four, David at least 18, and Solomon all of 700. But biblical polygamy usually had a bitter ending. According to the Book of Kings, Solomon had 'seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines', but 'his wives turned away his heart after other gods: and his heart was not perfect with the Lord his God' (see picture). The creation story on the very first pages of the Bible clearly seeks to enforce a monogamous ethos. Upon seeing Eve for the first time, Adam says: "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh... Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh."

See my related article, Polyamory: A New Way of Loving

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In the state of nature, people were generally polygamous, as are most animals. With many animals, the male leaves the female soon after mating and long before any offspring are born. According to genetic studies, it is only relatively recently, about 10,000 years ago, that monogamy began to prevail over polygamy in human populations.

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Marriage is a big part of the book because of the different treatment of spouses. Also, the fact that having more than one wife is generally accepted

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This really express the troubles of arranged marriage and that the women suffer during this because in the book she has to bring a child to her husband but she has to with another one so women are pressured and suffer in arranged marriage

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A marriage is not as simple as getting a man and a woman to start a life,
You cant force a man to love and make just any woman his wife,
They are not toys, they are people with separate tastes and hearts,
You cannot force them to love, you cannot predict if love between them starts,

Love is not something that you can force to grow,
For not for everyone does one choose for their love to show,
A lover is someone special out there to be found,
That special somebody that makes your young heart pound,

The arranged marriages, they force the will of two
If you force their heart to love, will a love like that be true?
What is the point of fake love that they pretend to share
When in reality for each other they do not care

if you say it is to prevent the trouble of heart breaks you are sadly wrong,
You can get heartbroken while being married, false love never lasts long,
To me arranged marriages are an act of desperation a form of heart abuse
Forcing you to try and love, forcing love produces the ultimate bruise

Why cant you open your eyes and see
That forcing a man to accept a woman as his bride to be
Will hurt him deeply, who likes their freedom taken away?
Even if a small spark develops, how long do you think that spark will stay?

If they don't click how do you expect their love to last long?
What disasters do you await before arranged marriages are proven wrong?
The path of love is to be pursued by one's own mind and soul
Love is not something you can arrange and keep under your control

Do you think love and chemistry has nothing to do with what's marriage is about,
Then sadly for you it will only be a marriage that is full of lies and doubt
You cannot just skip the process of falling in love and let marriage happen fast?
Will the dept of love be deep? how long will your love last?

if u want a marriage filled with romance shouldn't you give love an early chance?
How else would you expect the angels to sing and a chance for lovers to dance?
You have to love deeply and truly to prevent your heart from despair
How can one love that way with arranged marriages? Humans only have 1 heart to spare!

You cannot find true love if you don't love at your best,
If you have the wrong partner you really cannot expect to hear the sound of love in your chest,
For without the sounds of love in your soul, hope for true love will be lost,
To be stuck with someone you feel little emotions for with your heart covered by frost

The only thing that awaits is for your dying heart to decay,
As the hope of ever feeling love slowly fades away,
Love is not something that is always there, you have to take a chance and find it,
You need to have to have faith or fake love and loneliness will cause your heart to split,

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Arranged Marriage Poem by Daya Nandan - Poem Hunter

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A marriage is not as simple as getting a man and a woman to start a life, You cant force a man to love and make just any woman his wife, They are not toys, they are people with separate tastes and hearts,

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http://www.judaism-islam.com/similarities-between-judaism-and-islam/

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https://www.unicef.org/afghanistan/situation-children-and-women-afghanistan
i chose this artifact because i want to show the situation of women, children, and men in Afghanistan

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Lailas brothers were in the war and died that is why i chose this artifact.

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I chose this video because it shows how women are fighting for equality and they are not weak like everyone thinks and some people want them to be smart and do what they like

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The Afghan Women Risking Their Lives for Equality

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https://vimeo.com/150173671

Afghan teen escapes arranged marriage to become a rapper

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In the Quron there are many verses related to violence. Muslims will use thier holy book to justify things just like all other religions.

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I chose this article because it tells of the real life events that caused Laila to be the way that she is.

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NOTE TO READERS
"Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations" has been retired and is no longer maintained. For more information, please see the full notice.

At the end of December 1979, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan and immediately assumed complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions of the country. This event began a brutal, decade-long attempt by Moscow to subdue the Afghan civil war and maintain a friendly and socialist government on its border. It was a watershed event of the Cold War, marking the only time the Soviet Union invaded a country outside the Eastern Bloc-a strategic decision met by nearly worldwide condemnation. While the massive, lightning-fast military maneuvers and brazenness of Soviet political objectives constituted an "invasion" of Afghanistan, the word "intervention" more accurately describes these events as the culmination of growing Soviet domination going back to 1973. Undoubtedly, leaders in the Kremlin had hoped that a rapid and complete military takeover would secure Afghanistan's place as an exemplar of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that once a country became socialist Moscow would never permit it to return to the capitalist camp. The United States and its European allies, guided by their own doctrine of containment, sharply criticized the Soviet move into Afghanistan and devised numerous measures to compel Moscow to withdraw.

Soviet combat vehicles move through Afghanistan. (Department of Defense)

In the summer of 1973, Mohammed Daoud, the former Afghan Prime Minister, launched a successful coup against King Zahir. Although Daoud himself was more nationalist than socialist, his coup was dependent on pro-Soviet military and political factions. Since 1955 Moscow had provided military training and materiel to Afghanistan; by 1973, a third of active troops had trained on Soviet soil. Additionally, Daoud enjoyed the support of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), founded in 1965 upon Marxist ideology and allegiance to Moscow. In 1967 the PDPA split into two factions: the Parchamists, led by Babrak Karmal (who supported Daoud), and the "Khalqis" led by Noor Taraki. For the next five years, Daoud attempted the impossible task of governing Afganistan's Islamic tribal regions, while also struggling to reconcile the PDPA split. But the more radical Khalq faction never fully recognized Daoud's leadership, while Karmal viewed the coup largely as a means to consolidate his own power. In response, Daoud hoped to mitigate both of these threats by steering Afghanistan away from Soviet influence and improving U.S. relations, while decreasing the influence of radical elements in the government and military.

Daoud's middle course ended in disaster. On April 28, 1978, soldiers aligned with Taraki's "Khalq" faction assaulted the presidential palace, where troops executed Daoud and his family. In the following days Taraki became the Prime Minister, and, in an attempt to end the PDPA's divisions, Karmal became Deputy Prime Minister. In Washington, this Communist revolution was met with alarm. The Carter administration recognized that Taraki would undo Daoud's attempt to steer Afghanistan away from Moscow, and it debated whether to cut ties with Afghanistan or recognize Taraki in the hopes that Soviet influence could be contained. Although the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs Zbigniew Brzezinski advocated the former course, Carter supported the Department of State's advocacy of recognition. Shortly after the revolution, Washington recognized the new government and soon named Adolph Dubs its Ambassador to Afghanistan. Until his kidnapping and death at the hands of Afghan Shia dissidents in February 1979, Dubs strongly pursued good relations with the Taraki regime in the hopes that U.S. support would keep Soviet influence at bay.

Once again, the tumult of internal Afghan politics complicated both U.S. and Soviet jockeying. In the summer of 1979, Hafizullah Amin, a longtime ally of Taraki who became Deputy Prime Minister following the April Revolution, received word that Babrak Karmal (Daoud's early supporter) was leading a Parcham plot to overthrow the Taraki regime. Amin took the opportunity to purge and execute many Parchamists and consolidate his own power. Complicating matters further, this internal strife damaged the Kabul Government's major national program, namely, to bring the Communist revolution to the Islamic tribal areas beyond Kabul. By the winter of 1978, this program was met by armed revolt throughout the country. In response, Amin and Taraki traveled to Moscow to sign a friendship treaty which included a provision that would allow direct Soviet military assistance should the Islamic insurgency threaten the regime. This insurrection intensified over the next year and it became increasingly obvious to the Soviets that Taraki could not prevent all-out civil war and the prospect of a hostile Islamic government taking control. By mid-1979 Moscow was searching to replace Taraki and Amin, and dispatched combat troops to Bagram Air Base outside of Kabul. This move prompted the Carter administration to begin supplying non-lethal aid to Afghan mujahedeen, or Islamic insurgents. In August, a high-ranking Soviet military delegation arrived in Kabul to assess the situation. U.S. officials interpreted this mission as one last Soviet attempt to shore up the Taraki regime, and also an opportunity to devise a military takeover. Regarding the latter, most analysts in Washington believed that such a move remained possible but unlikely.

But this calculus was bound to change. Amin sensed the Soviet mission was designed to strengthen Taraki at his expense. In response, forces loyal to Amin executed Taraki in October-a move that infuriated Moscow, which began amassing combat units along its border. At this juncture Washington was still unsure how to interpret the Soviet maneuvers: was the Soviet Union planning a full takeover or did it remain committed to preserving the April Revolution? Analysts remained skeptical that Moscow would occupy the country given the political and economic costs. By the winter of 1979, faced with mutinies and an uncertain leadership, the Afghan Army was unable to provide basic security to the government against the onslaught of Islamic fighters nearing Kabul. By that point the Soviets were sending in motorized divisions and Special Forces. Washington demanded an explanation, which the Soviets ignored. Finally, on Christmas Eve, the invasion began. Soviet troops killed Amin and installed Babrak Karmal as the Soviet's puppet head of government.

Although the Carter administration had closely watched this buildup from the outset, its reaction following the invasion revealed that, until the end, it clung to the hope that the Soviets would not invade, based on the unjustified assumption that Moscow would conclude that the costs of invasion were too high. In response, Carter wrote a sharply-worded letter to Brezhnev denouncing Soviet aggression, and during his State of the Union address he announced his own doctrine vowing to protect Middle Eastern oil supplies from encroaching Soviet power. The administration also enacted economic sanctions and trade embargoes against the Soviet Union, called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and stepped up its aid to the Afghan insurgents. In sum, these actions were Washington's collective attempt to make the Soviets' "adventure" in Afghanistan as painful and brief as possible. Instead, it took ten years of grinding insurgency before Moscow finally withdrew, at the cost of millions of lives and billions of dollars. In their wake, the Soviets left a shattered country in which the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, seized control, later providing Osama bin Laden with a training base from which to launch terrorist operations worldwide.

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Milestones: 1977-1980 - Office of the Historian

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The burka mentioned in the book is a piece of traditional woman's clothing in the muslim culture. The burka is a full face covering mask that consists of just a mesh mask to see out of. Usually made of plain cloth, the burka was not very popular among the "modern" women of 1970's Afghanistan.

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I picked this artical because it shows the problems women goes through And in the book A thousand Splendid Suns Mariam Goes through domestic violence and also not having her own rights. Which this artical describes perfectly and even goes more in depth.

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"I operate daily under extremely dangerous situations in the south and southwest regions of Afghanistan, especially in Helmand Province. While there, I am expected to be completely covered in a Burqa and am advised to not carry a women's style handbag or laptop bag. My phone should be off so that it is never heard ringing. Shaking hands with men is a taboo and talking directly about women's rights could be punishable by death. However, the secret behind my success is that I am educated and have established contacts with local elders - and I abide by all these conditions. This is why I am able to run my development projects successfully," said an Afghan woman who recently spoke to me on condition of anonymity due to security concerns.

Under the Taliban's regime, women endured unspeakably harsh conditions and were deprived of basic rights. After the Taliban were overthrown in late 2001, the hope and optimism of Afghan women was revived with a new presence of the international community and international forces, and budding support for women's participation in social, economical, and cultural aspects of life.

Despite impressive efforts made since 2001, and some significant strides in education, in many ways things remain extremely difficult for women. While some things are better, old problems persist and new problems have presented themselves.

Findings from the chapter "Women and Society" from The Asia Foundation's 2009 Survey of the Afghan People reveal the biggest problems Afghan women face. Education and illiteracy, tops the list, followed by lack of job opportunities and equal rights for women (see graph below).

These problems are interconnected and have reciprocal effect on each other - making lasting solutions even more difficult. According to past surveys, lack of education for women is consistently seen as the biggest problem: 41 percent in 2006, 48 percent in 2007, 45 percent in 2008, and 49 percent in 2009. Lack of employment opportunity was 10 percent in 2006, 13 percent in 2007, 24 percent in 2008, and 28 percent in 2009. However, such an increase in awareness of the problem unemployment presents to women itself might be considered as good news, as it points out that more people are beginning to consider employment of women first as something normal and, second, as something more and more important. This also shows that there is increased awareness within Afghan families that employment opportunity for "their" female members is important, and linked to education, since better educated women can get better - and higher paying - jobs.

Given the country's current social, political, cultural, and economical situation, there are a variety of factors that exacerbate these problems.
Illiteracy and Education
Afghanistan's literacy rate is very low compared to other countries. In Afghanistan, only 23.5 percent of the population above 15 years old is literate, while the rate for women is even worse at 12.6 percent. At 36 percent, Afghanistan's enrollment of girls in primary schools is low compared with 90.4 percent in Iran, 67 percent in Saudi Arabia, and 62 percent in Pakistan.

In spite of such low figures, Afghanistan has experienced a few major achievements in the education sector for women, including the adoption of certain guarantees in the constitution (Article 44) regarding development of balanced education for women; the enrollment of 2.2 million girls in primary schools (unprecedented in Afghanistan's history); and permission to establish higher education institutes in specialized fields and basic literacy schools (Article 46). However, many obstacles lie ahead, such as discrimination on the basis of sex, patriarchy, and male domination in the society; local traditions and discrimination against women's education; lack of female schools in villages; lack of proper education infrastructure; lack of personal security; and lack of female teachers, to name a few. There are also socio-cultural beliefs that consider education unnecessary or even hazardous for women, further preventing girls from attending schools. Even in seminaries, the number of female students is very low due to lack of interest in women's education and lack of female religious teachers.

Other impediments that hinder women's education are violence against women, underage marriages, forced marriages, economic problems, and marriage as a solution to family disputes (known as baad).
Lack of Job Opportunities
Up from 31 percent in 2008 to 35 percent in 2009, unemployment is cited as the second biggest problem Afghan women face. A separate study indicated that only a quarter of government positions are occupied by women.

Although Article 48 of the constitution stipulates that every Afghan has the right to work, the government does not pave the way for women to gain positions in government. Other factors also contribute to unemployment, such as low literacy rates and professional skills among women; disagreement over a woman's right to work outside of the house (in this survey, only 67 percent of respondents agree with a woman's right to work outside of the house, while 23 percent do not agree); issues over women working in an office or environment with men; poor security; and women's historical economic dependence on men. Parents often hold a double standard regarding children's education, with more attention given to the education of boys than to that of girls.

Support for women's basic rights should not be limited to written guarantees, but should be used as legal basis for more balanced development of women alongside men. On the eve of the establishment of a new government and a second international forum on Afghanistan tomorrow, January 28 in London, the government should focus on long-term programs to improve women's education, and to create a monitoring mechanism that enforces gender equality in the education sector.

Public awareness programs that reinforce the Islamic notion that all men and women should have access to knowledge in order to mitigate discrimination against women are critical. Such programs could be implemented by religious scholars and clergies, civil society organizations, or government institutions.

Better training for female teachers on a local level must be implemented, as well as additional assurance and encouragement to parents to send their daughters to school. Vocational training for women should also be considered to enhance skills that would increase employment opportunities.

Without safety, however, improvements for Afghan women are remote. The international community must work alongside the Afghan government to restore security, especially for women and girls so that they can gain greater access to education and play a larger role in stabilizing their country.
Najla Ayubi is a Program Director for Law, Human Rights, and Women's Empowerment with The Asia Foundation in Afghanistan and is a former judge and a former commissioner with the Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan. She can be reached at tafag@asiafound.org.

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Women's Biggest Problems in Afghanistan - The Asia Foundation

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"I operate daily under extremely dangerous situations in the south and southwest regions of Afghanistan, especially in Helmand Province. While there, I am expected to be completely covered in a Burqa and am advised to not carry a women's style handbag or laptop bag. My phone should be off so that it is never heard ringing.

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This is where you will add your artifacts that support understanding of your book!  Be sure to include your name and the reason you chose this artifact.