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-10x more bacterial cells than human cells

- 100x more bacterial DNA than human DNA

- Activation of bacteria at a certain stage is called quorum sensing and is done through chemical communications of specific intra and inter species molecule release and detection respectively.
- Each bacteria releases a molecule that allows it to count its identical siblings

-Bacterial Cells secrete specific molecules and have a receptor looking for that chemical from other identical cells.

- Bacteria control pathogenicity with quorum sensing, which is their determination of when there are enough of them to cause a significant effect

- They have a species-specific system/receptor and a interspecies molecule and receptor that they can use to communicate with themselves and other bacteria around them

- Bacteria can identify themselves from others

- Created anti-quorum sensing molecules to serve as antagonists at receptors

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- bacteria control pathogenicity with quorum sensing
- high specificity with quorum sensing
- bacteria are multilingual-> generic (inter-species) and specific languages(intra-species)
- universal communication
- anti-quorum sensing molecules-new therapeutics-> decreasing communication
- pro-quorum sensing molecules-> to increase communication 'conversation' between bacteria

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Overview:
- Bacteria consume nutrients from the environment to grow and subsequently divide, resulting in higher population density.

What is quorum sensing?
Quorum sensing is how bacteria communicate and are able to switch on genes to initiate pathogenicity.

Bacteria recognise each other through receptor and signal as well as recognise other species (inter-species) through a second receptor and signal. All bacteria use this.

Advantages of Research:

The reason we should invest and study quorum sensing is because it provides innovative ways to overcome the problem of bacterial resistance. I Another benefit of studying  quorum sensing is that it impedes inter and intra special communication.

Po

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Vibrio fischeri communication - that vs. when - grew to a significant size they turned on light simultaneously

Low cell density = no light

High cell density = bioluminescence

During Bassler's research, it was discovered that a bacterium called Vibrio fischeri living in the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid had a special property to make light when they grew to a certain cell number in a community.

Squid - dying culture of bacterium

Pump attached to its circadian rhythm - during the day it pumps out the bacteria

Bacterial Quoram Sensing - all bacteria have this

Signal producing protein

Signal receptor protein

Group behaviour genes

Only successful when all bacteria respond - quoram sensing

Intra-species communication

The left side is identical in every species of bacteria

The right side is slightly different

Exquisite species specific molecules ? Private secret conversation - intra-species communication

Multi-lingual bacteria

2 systems in parallel: one species specific and one general (inter-species communication)

Bacteria are able to count how many of me and how many of you - what tasks to carry out depending on who is in the minority and who is in the majority of the species

A universal communication molecule for interspecies communication

Antibiotics - next-gen? useful for combatting bacterial resistance?

Could you manipulate the universal communication molecule so that the bacteria can't talk or can't hear? (behaviour manipulation - can't release virulent?)

Species/disease specific anti-quoram molecules

Antagonists of the inter-species molecule too

Multicellularity

Bacteria can distinguish self from others

Pro-quoram sensing molecules - make them work better, make the conversations better so they can carry out the tasks better