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Use of VVG an aggressive behavior is more prevalent in men

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The "somatic markers hypothesis" is the Damasio's hypothesis and experiment

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Therefore, (because of Damasio's experiment) excessive users of VVG might not have a problem with the initial neural response to emotional stimuli per se but rather with the "read-out" of the somatic markers and with their translation into actions

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Damasio 1996 experiment's hypotheses may provide a suitable framework for translation process: their hypothesis was that emotions and the corresponding neural, autonomic, and endocrine changes over time become associated with their antecedent conditions and their past outcomes

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Maybe desensitization due to VVG use does not work on the level of the initial neural processing of emotional stimuli but rather on later stages concerned with the translation of emotional information into action tendencies

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They believe further studies must be done to truly prove VVG has no effect on emotional desensitization

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Imaging studies have the clear advantage off allowing to study the responsibility of emotion-sensitive brain areas directly

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There was no evidence of neural desensitization in the processing of emotionally salient stimuli

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After fMRI, in group two, there were virtually the same results

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After the fMRI, in group one, there was no effect of group nor a significant group by stimulus interaction in the emotional sensitive areas: amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

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In both, participants were instructed to watch the IAPS stimuli and respond to the onset of each picture by button press. There were negative, positive, and neutral pictures

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14 different VVG users, and 14 different control groups, used optimized stimulation parameters

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Played violent video games where their was a first- person shooter (Call of Duty, Battlefield), for two hours a day for at least two years. 14 VVG users, 14 control subjects

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Compromises two similar experiments on different participants. In the second experiment an optimized stimulation protocol was used

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The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) have been shown to evoke emotional response. The hypothesis of the paper: Decreased activation in brain sites related to emotional precessing in VVG users in comparison to control subjects

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Unfortunately, most studies have focused on the immediate effects following VVG

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Immediately after the use of VVG subjects showed reduced heart rate and reduced galvanic skin reactions for stimuli showing real violent content than in comparison to subjects who played non-violent video games

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Desensitization: reduction of psychological reactivity to violent stimuli as well as a decrease in fear and empathy

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Desensitization to violence is implicated by the GAM

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Long-term effects on aggressive behavior are explained by the personality process of GAM, which may be influenced by VVG

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According to the General Aggression Model (GAM), short lasting increases in aggressive or impulsive acts are mediated by both personal and situational variables