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Are materials taken directly from nature that we process into other materials to make products with.

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We prepare or refine raw materials to obtain a natural material.

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When we process raw materials, they become processed materials (also called manufactured materials).

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Hardness: This is the resistance of a material to being scratched piercet. For example, steel and diamond are hard, whereas cotton, sand and plasticine are soft.
Toughness: This is the resistance of a material to being broken when we strike it. The tools we use to strike objects and the sports equipment used to hit balls (tennis  rackets) are made of tough materials. The opposite of tough is brittle. Glass and porcelain are examples of brittle materials that are easily broken.
Deformability: This is the ability of a material to be deformed. The opposite of the deformalibility is rigidity (an example  of a rigid material is marble). If a material is deformable, it can be elastic (if it recovers its initial shape, like rubber) or plastic (if its stays deformed when the force that deformed it has disappeared, like clay and plasticine).
Ductility: This is the ability of a materia to be streched into a wire. Nylon and cooper are examples.
Malleability: This is the ability of a material to be pressed or roles into a sheet. Gold and paper are examples.

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Tensile strength: It is good in the longitudinal direction and poor in the transverse direction.
Compressive sterngth: It is better in the transverse direction  than in the longitudinal direction.
Flexural strength: It is good, but better in the transverse direction. We use it a lot in the past and in the construction of many structures... Examples of flexible trees are ash, fir, elm and pine.
Hardness: This can vary. Depends on the type of wood, the structure and cutting direction. Wood is not very hard so makes it easier to work with. However, it is hard enough for being used to build furniture, houses...
Toughness: Wood is tough, so it is used in sports equipment.
Thermal and electrical conductivity: it is very low. Wood is a good insulator of heat and electricity.
Sound conductivity: Good. We use it to make certain musical instrument.
Colour: Diferent wood of different colours: they can be white (lime), yellow or brown (pear), red (alder), black (ebony) etc.
Density: Wood is a light material. It has a lower density than water, so it floats. This is way it is used to build ships.

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16      Ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals

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16      Ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals

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The ferrous metals are metals that contain many iron.
The non-ferrous metals don't contain iron.

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Iron: When the porcentage of carbon in the allow is less than 0.1%, we call this material iron

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Steel is a ferrous material made mainly from iron with 0.1% to 2% carbon.

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Cast iron is made from iron 2% to 6.67% carbon.