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is a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.

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defamatory. Speech or writing that is defamatory is likely to damage someone's good reputation by saying something bad and untrue about them.

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Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders. Its criminalization dates back at least as far as the Alien and Sedition Act.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

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A landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

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The Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; ect."

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement.

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things

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The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms

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The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.

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The court ruled in an 8–1 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act from 1968 was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

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Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this.

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Refers to the section of the First Amendment. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof... ... When the First Amendment was drafted, it applied only to the U.S. Congress.

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Rational basis review is a test courts may is to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance. To pass rational basis review, the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

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he Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case began with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon.

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U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"

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decision in the Dred Scott case, affirming the right of slave owners to take their slaves into the Western territories, there by negating the doctrine of popular sovereignty and severely undermining the platform of the newly created Republican Party.

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decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.

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A landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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The former practice of segregating black people in the US.

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An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.

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A test that determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution.

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Case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts as had previously been the law.

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A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens.

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In a 5–4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.

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Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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A landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination.

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Reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).

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Refers to the legal separation of groups in society

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Pure speech in United States law is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea.

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Suspect classification refers to a characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard. A classification is called suspect because it is likely to be based on illegal discrimination.

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A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

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The clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.