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Joseph Fourier was a mathematician and physicist born on March 21, 1768. He began his studies at the Benedictine High School of Auxerre, oriented throughout the religious career, until the monarch Louis XV made the military academy. Jean-Baptiste was selected as a student in the institution and reform, where he would remain until he was 14 years old, and he learned to be educated in languages, music, algebra and mathematics, a subject in which he stood out, which was aimed at studying of the sciences. He was known for his work on the decomposition of periodic functions in convergent trigonometric series called Fourier Series, a method with which he has to solve the heat equation. The Fourier transform is named after him. He was the first to give a scientific explanation of the greenhouse effect in a treaty.

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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The female vote for English women was in 1918, although the universal vote came in the year 1928. Meanwhile, the female vote was spreading internationally. Finland was the first European country to grant the vote to women in 1906 (New Zealand had done so in 1893). After World War I it was generalized and extending that right, being completed in the democratic countries after the Second World War. In Spain, whose greatest exponent of the feminist movement of the nineteenth century and early s.XX was Emilia Pardo Bazán, female suffrage was achieved in 1931 with the Second Republic

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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In the period of John Stuart Mill, the basic struggle was to obtain the right of women to own property and vote, but later the struggle was oriented towards ending discrimination against women, whether in the private sector or in the public, so that they could acess education, employment and political representation and obtain equal remuneration for the same job. According to the patterns of nineteenth century English liberalism evolving towards democracy, the general idea was that both men and women should be able to develop their innate abilities and pursue their hapiness. And for that, women should have the same freedom of choice as men.

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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The effects of the Industrial Revolution were felt in the lives of families. In the years before the industrial revolution, life rested in the family home in which the husband and wife participed. With the irruption of the new labor system, domestic work was separated from the dependent of the labor market, increasing the separation of the activity of men and women. With the loss of their production space, women became more dependent on men than they had been before. At the educational level, the situation of girls was worse than that of boys, so female illiteracy was greater than male. In marriage, married women could not legally own property and were legally subject to their husbands and dependents. It was also difficult to alter their situation legally, since they did not have he right to vote.

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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The children who worked at the factories since they were very old, in the cotton or coal industry, which gave rise to the revolution and which was much harder than the cotton industry. They used to work 16 hours and only 1 hour rest explotaive child labor caused severe disorders in children who where truncated with their physical development by the physical work they tenant they faced, their intellectual development because the school for them frankly did not exist, being forced to be more labor agents in a systematic and monotonous work, in which they were tied as much by the militar discipline of the factories, by the labor exploitation, as the own vital need.

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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CHILD EXPLOITATION  AND MACHISMO OF THE NIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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The industrial revolution, a process that began in England in the late eighteenth century and at the dawn of the nineteenth century, brings with it a series of consequences of various types, One of them is the use of children and women as salaried labor in the factories, that used to be in very poor conditions.
Children and women were exploited, but especially children, who from very early on are forced to work to survive with their families.

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"Nosotros, los aquí presentes, en representación del primer Estado, pedimos a su Majestad Luis XVI, el mantenimiento de las antiguas costumbres y tradiciones, incluyendo exención fiscal, tal como disfrutaron nuestros antepasados, siendo el rey quien debe garantizar dichos privilegios, como hicieron sus antecesores.

Igualmente pedimos que las decisiones que se tomen en estos Estados Generales sean votadas entre todos, recontándose por estamento y no por cabeza."

"We, here present, on behalf of the first State, ask His Majesty Louis XVI, the maintenance of ancient customs and traditions, including tax exemption, as enjoyed by our ancestors, being the king who must guarantee these privileges, as they did his predecessors.

We also ask that the decisions made in these States General be voted among all, recounting by estamento and not by head. "