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Cells are the most basic form.
Cells make up tissues.
Tissues make up organs.
Organs make up organ systems.
Organ systems make up organisms.

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Cell Wall-outer most layer of PLANT cells. Provides protection and makes the cell rigid.

Cell Membrane-outer most layer of ANIMAL cells. ALL cells have a cell membrane. It allows some things to come in the cell and allows other things to leave.

Cytoplasm-clear, gel-like fluid where all of the organelles are.

Nucleus-the control center of the cell.

Nucleolus-builds ribosomes and is located inside the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum-transports materials throughout the cell. Is located right beside the nucleus.

Ribosomes build proteins.

Golgi Bodies-packages materials to leave the cell.

Lysosomes-breaks down materials and disposes of them.

Vacuole-stores water, nutrients and wastes. PLANT cell has one large, central vacuole. ANIMAL cells of several, smaller vacuoles.

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Works with almost all systems

Muscular System-supplies blood (oxygen) to muscles for energy

Respiratory System-exchange of gases; oxygen and carbon dioxide

Skeletal System-bone marrow produces red blood cells

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Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood

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A.K.A. Circulatory System

Carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells

Simple way to think about it; bring things and takes things away

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Lymphatic System-skin is the first defense

Cardiovascular System-capillary networks in the skin

Nervous System-neurons embedded in your skin

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Skin
Hair
Nails

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Prevents loss of water, protects body from injury and infection, helps regulate body temperature

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Cardiovascular System-circulates lymph

Often called the body’s two circulatory systems

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Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Liver
Thymus gland
Bone marrow-makes white blood cells

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A.k.a. Immune System

Fight off disease-causing organisms

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Muscular System-muscles allow bones to move

Cardiovascular System-bone marrow produces blood cells

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Provides shape, support, enables movement, and protects
BONES, BONES and MORE Bones!!!!
Ex: Skull, humerus, radius, ulna, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs.

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1. Identify the problem or need.
2. Brainstorm possible solutions; may include researching and gathering information.
3. Create a prototype; a test model.
4. Test the prototype; see if it works.
5. Improve.

The purpose of the EDP is to solve problems.

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NASA Now: Engineering Design Process: Hubble Space Telescope

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Independent Variable is what the scientist is testing and manipulating; in the sponge creature lab, the IV was the temperature of water. MIX: manipulated, independent on the X axis.

Dependent Variable is what the scientist measures; the result. In the sponge creature lab, the DV was the time it took to develop. DRY: dependent, responding on the Y axis.

Control Variable is what stays the same. In the sponge creature lab, the CV was the same brand of creatures.

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1. Question
2. Research
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis
5. Analyze data
6. Draw a conclusion
7. Share results

NONLINEAR...I CAN REPEAT AND REARRANGE AND LEAVE OUT STEPS IF NEEDED.

The purpose of the Scientific Method is to answer questions.

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Science in Action: How Science Works | California Academy of Sciences

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Beaker measures volume (inaccurately) in mL.
Graduated Cylinder measures volume (accurately) in mL.
Triple beam balance measures mass in grams.
Electronic balance measures mass in grams.
Spring scale measures force in Newtons.
Thermometer measures temperature in degrees Celsius.
Ruler measures length in cm.
Microscope allows us to see small objects with no units.

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All matter is made up of atoms.

Atoms have 3 subatomic particles; protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons are positively charged and they are inside the nucleus of the atom. Each proton has a mass of 1 amu.

Neutrons have no charge and they are inside the nucleus. Each neutron has a mass of 1 amu.

Electrons are negatively charged and they surround the nucleus in an electron cloud. They are arranged in different energy levels or orbitals. Each electron has a mass of 1/2000 amu. Therefore, the electrons have relatively no mass.

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Introduction to the atom | Chemistry of life | Biology | Khan Academy

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Physical Changes: In a physical change, the substance involved remains the same. Most physical changes are easy to reverse.

Chemical Changes: In a chemical change, the original substance is changed into one or more new substances. The new substances have different properties from the original substance. Most chemical changes are difficult to reverse.

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Atomic Number=number of protons.

In a neutral atom, the number of protons = the number of electrons.

Atomic Mass=number of protons + number of neutrons.

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Pure Substances (Elements and Compounds)
•Has a definite and constant composition

•Can be either an element or a compound

•The composition of a pure substance doesn’t vary.

•Examples of Elements: Oxygen, Gold, Potassium
Examples of Compounds: salt (NaCl), sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆), water (H₂O)

Mixtures
•A combination of many different elements or different compounds

•Not chemically combined

•Can be separated

•Ex: Trail mix, salt water

•Mixtures can be either homogenous or heterogenous

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Molecules are two or more atoms bonded together.

There are two types of molecules: elemental molecules and compound molecules.

Elemental Molecules: two or more atoms chemically bonded from the same type of element. Example: O2

Compound Molecules: two or more atoms chemically bonded from different elements. Example: C₆H₁₂O6

How to count atoms in a molecule:

Step 1: Figure out how many different elements - count the number of capital letters.

Step 2: Look for the subscripts. These are the small numbers following the element. This tells you how many atoms of the element.

Step 3: Look for the coefficient. This is the large number before the molecule. This tells you how many molecules.

Step 4: Do the math!
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript of each element.

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Bill Nye the Science Guy S5E8 Atoms & Molecules

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Solids

Have a definite shape and a definite volume.

Particles are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

Least amount of kinetic energy.

Liquids

Have a definite volume, but no definite shape.

They take the shape of their container.

Particles are tightly packet, but far enough apart to slide over one another.

More kinetic energy than solids, but less than gases.

Gases

Have no definite volume and no definite shape.

They take the shape of their container.

Particles are very far apart and move freely except when they collide.

Most kinetic energy.

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Bill Nye The Science Guy Phases of Matter

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Solid to Liquid = Melting. Heat goes into the solid as is melts; endothermic.

Liquid to Solid = Freezing. Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes; exothermic.

Liquid to Gas = Vaporization. Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes; endothermic.

Gas to Liquid = Condensation. Heat leaves the gas as it condenses; exothermic.

Solid to Gas = Sublimation. Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates; endothermic.

Gas to Solid = Deposition. Heat leaves the gas as it deposits; exothermic.

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Endothermic = heat goes in; melting, vaporization, sublimation.

Exothermic = heat leaves (exits); freezing, condensation, deposition.

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Groups/Families are the columns (vertical). Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. For example, all elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron. Elements in the same group/family have similar properties. As you go down the group, the reactivity of elements increases.

Periods are the rows (horizontal). Elements in the same row have the same number of energy levels. For example, elements in Period 3 have 3 energy levels. Elements in the same period DO NOT have similar properties.

Elements on the far left of the Periodic Table are the most reactive going to the least reactive on the far right.

The main families are Alkali Metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2), Transition Metals (Groups 3-12), Inner Transition Metals (below the table), Halogens (Group 17) and Noble Gases (Group 18).

Elements are categorized into metals, metalloids and nonmetals. Metals are located to the left of the staircase. Metalloids touch the staircase. Nonmetals are to the right of the staircase.

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The periodic table | Atoms, elements, and the periodic table | High school chemistry | Khan Academy

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CHARGE
C: All living things are made of cells. Unicellular=one cell
Multicellular=more than one cell.
H: All living things maintain homeostasis; stable internal conditions.
A: All living things evolve adaptations over time.
R: All living things reproduce either asexually or sexually.
G: All living things grow and develop.
E: All living things use energy; they are either autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (must find/hunt for food).

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Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)

prokaryotic

unicellular

autotrophic and heterotrophic

asexual

ancient, lives in extreme conditions

Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria)

prokaryotic

unicellular

autotrophic and heterotrophic

asexual

most common group

Kingdom Protista

eukaryotic

mostly unicellular but some are colonial

autotrophic and heterotrophic

asexual and sexual

Kingdom Fungi

eukaryotic

mostly multicellular but some are unicellular

heterotrophic

asexual

Kingdom Plantae

eukaryotic

multicellular

autotrophic

asexual and sexual

Kingdom Animalia

eukaryotic

multicellular

heterotrophic

sexual