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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe that the cyberculture is a new medium for culture. The internet and the web were unrestricted and out of government control. For example, information is freely exchanged without any censorship or editing. As a result, people have been able to build their own virtual communities. The virtual world is more realistic and can shape people's behavior compared to the real world. Celebration of electronic culture is regulated by a growing awareness of its limits ( Silver, 2000). Cyberculture is a new popular culture and cyberspace is dominated by males.

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Summary: "Cyberculture: the artificial world of the internet." (Christine LE)

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Summary: "Cyberculture: the artificial world of the internet." (Christine LE)

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe cyberculture- the artificial world of the internet. A new medium for culture often called cyberculture has been increased by the Internet and the World Wide. This also creates a culture where people are free at many activities without the control of the government. People can do anything in the virtual world. According to Sherry Turkle (1997), people can be more comfortable with themselves and the virtual world can become and make more relationships in real life. 'Critical cyberculture studies' ‘s development, the negative of it has decreased the celebration of cyberculture. There is also no equality in the virtual world, for example, cyberculture can be seen as the primary space of men with a typically men 'frontier culture'.  The users are depending on technology which are made and controlled by the technical elite day by day. Cyberculture is also not under pressure from commercial and political. Cyberculture is not limited to chance for people who want to join to explore other cultures. However, cyberculture is also controlled and commercialized in society. 

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) represent the cyberculture which defines a new media for culture. It is free of many of the constraints that operated in other media. The web was decentralized and outside the control of authorities. Information could be freely exchanged. People could construct their own virtual communities. Critical cyberculture studies have been moderated by a growing awareness of cyberculture limitations. Cyberspace is considered a predominantly. The technopower spiral has brought about control by a technical elite. Nor is cyberculture free of commercial and political pressures. It does provide opportunities for individuals and groups to engage in culture exploration. Cyberculture operates in society at large and shape culture in general.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) illustrate the Cyber-culture which provided a new medium for culture and only in cyberspace. The web is outside the control of all the agencies and the information could  exchange freely without every person who edits and censors. Hence, people could show their relationships, communities and bodies at will. In addition, the virtual world might influence people’s behavior in the real world. During the development, the celebration of Cyber-culture has been more moderated by a growing awareness of limitations and someone considered cyberspace to have been a predominant male space. It has become more difficult for ordinary users, because the tools and values were constructed by technical elites. In general, Cyber-culture is operating in society at large and shaping culture.

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Cyberculture is a new kind of culture. Cyberculture is not restricted by traditional culture, such as media, government and business corporations. People can communicate and play on the Internet with the fake identity. Sherry Turkle (1997 argues that they can become free of themselves.
With the growth of "critical cyberculture studies", Silver (2020 said that the cyberculture has become more mature. Many unspoken rules were born. Cyberspace has also been considered to be male-dominated.
Arguably,  "technopower spiral" has brought control by a technical elite. At the same time, it cause the ordinary users hard to operate according to their own values.
Nor is cyberculture free of commercial and political pressures.  To sum up, cyberculture is working in society and shape culture in general.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe the development and history of printing from 1450. The printing press was invented in the German around the year 1450. They argued that capitalism made printing from invention to industry and gave rise to printed books and those books rose rapidly. Moreover, The industry increased in the printing of popular books and made language very popular. Eventually, It increase the publishing and promotion everywhere, so this is the cultural impact of printing.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) explained the meaning of cyberculture. They believe that the Internet and network are not controlled by the government and are different from traditional media. The network is a virtual world, and people are anonymous. People gradually realize the limitations of network culture, so celebratory network culture is limited. There are also inequalities in the Internet world. The digital divide is getting bigger and bigger, and men are dominant.

The invention of advanced tools enables users to find the information they want and manage the information flow. Network culture is not without commercial and political pressure. Commercial pressure is evident in pop-up advertisements. This raises a broad question, that is, there are so many differences between network culture and other cultural media, and this difference is undeniable to some extent.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) explained that Cyberculture refers to a new medium combining Internet and world wide web culture. The Cyberculture obviously has many restrictions from other media. Staying in the virtual world for a long time will affect people's behavior in the real world. With more and more people using the Internet, most men regard network culture as a new popular culture.Due to the emergence of many pop-up ads, many users are limited in the Cyberculture, and the commercial interests restrict and control the users.

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Fulcher and Scott(2011) describe the development of printing since 1450. The pair argue that capitalist principles allowed the printing industry to expand and book production to grow so rapidly. The industry produces more and more bestsellers, and causes less popular books to disappear because there is no demand for printing. The printing industry began to print books in a variety of national languages, which promoted their development. This is the cultural impact of publishing.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) illustrate the history of print, especially for the printing background  in China, Korea and Germany from 1450.They argued that it was capital attention that drove the development of the printing industry. This makes bestsellers more popular and less popular books more likely to be elimated.
At the same time, the development of printing is also a kind of cultural output, the same book translated into different languages for export to the corresponding countries.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) show the history of print, especially the background of print in China, Korea and Germany by using different types from 1450. They discuss that capitalism made printing from invention to industry and produced printed books grew quickly. The industry increased in the printing of popular books and made the language of books popular in the world. Hence, the number of books increased the cultural impact and national languages grew. The publishing industry was influenced by culture.

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Fulcher and Scott(2011) describe the development of printing from 1450.They believed that capitalist principles allowed the printing industry to expand and the production of books to grow rapidly.The industry produced more popular books and caused the disappearance of less popular ones because they were not printed.The printing industry began to print books in a variety of national languages, which promoted their development. This is the cultural impact of publishing.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe the development of printing from 1450. They believe that capitalism has made and expanded printing from invented industry. This led to the rapid production of printed books. The industry increase in the printing of popular books which were hand written and less popular books were gone out as they were not printed. The industry decided to print in a national language which was promoted in different countries. This is also the cultural impact of publishing.

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Fulcher and Scott（2011） illustrates the history of printing from 1450.They believe that  Capitalism has promoted the development of printing industry to a certain extent,and produced printed books grew quickly.Industry has greatly increased the printing of books, especially popular books, but some unpopular books are basically not printed because no one reads its.The printing industry began to use different languages to print books, which also promoted the development of languages.This is the impact of publishing on culture.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) introduced the background and history of printing from 1450. They believe that the production of printed books is becoming more and more effective because of the capitalist principle. The industry increased in the printing of popular books, and caused less popular books to disappear because they are not printed. Because of national languages grew, the printing industry began to print books in many national languages. This promotes the development of these languages, which is also a cultural impact.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe the development of printing industry since 1450.They believe that capitalism allowed the printing industry to expand and book production grew rapidly. The industry has produced more bestsellers and led to the disappearance of less popular books because they were not printed. Printing industry gradually began to print books in many national languages, which made a great contribution to the development of these languages and made the printing industry integrate into the modern society.

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Here is an article which illustrates the development of printing in the world by Fulcher and Scott (2011). The idea of this article  expounds that  capitalism greatly increased the efficiency of printing through industrialization.
Through the later development of printing technology, the cost of book printing has been reduced and the number of books printed has increased significantly.  At the beginning of book printing , most of books were printed in Latin. with the rising of national culture and the limitation of the Latin language market, the books in modern  society are  printed in national languages. that is definitely a symbol of the rise of national culture.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe the development of printing from 1450. They contend that the growth of the publishing industry

was enabled by capitalist ideals and book production expanded rapidly. The industry created more copies of popular books and, when

they were not printed, allowed less popular books to vanish. The printing industry began printing books that led to the production of these languages in many national languages. The cultural influence of publication is this.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) illustrates the development  of printing in the word . They introduced the history and background of printing in China ,Korea and Germany. Moreover, they believed that the capitalisms brought printing to the factory and made it expand rapidly. The fast expansion of the printing industry accelerated the production of books and it increased a lot of printing of popular books.The printing industry has also contributed to the development of languages by printing books in the languages of different peoples of the world.

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Fulcher and Scott (2011) describe the development of printing from 1450.  They argue that capitalist principles enabled the expansion of the printing industry and book production grew quickly.  The industry produced more copies of popular books and caused less popular books to disappear as they were not printed.  The printing industry started to print books in many national languages which contributed to the development of these languages.  This is the cultural influence of publishing.