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The modal 'can' is a commonly used modal verb in English. It is used to express; ability, opportunity, a request, to grant permission, to show possibility or impossibility. It is this large amount of functions and the fact that ‘can’ is replaced by other modals when it is used to express future or past time that often lead to certain errors.

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"Could" is a modal verb used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

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DEFINITION.
A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality, that is: probability, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation or advice. Modal verbs always accompany the base form of another verb that has semantic content.

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Examples:
1.-I can run
2.- I can fight.

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1.-You can drink a beer with us in the restaurant.
2.-You can come with us to the airport.

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Examples:
1.-Can I have a coffee?
2.- Can you help me with my homework?

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1.- I can stay at Danny's when he's out of town.
2.-Can I take a slice of pizza?

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Examples:
1.-  I can fly in the sky.
2.- I can break the wall with my hand.

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1. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii
2. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.

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1. Could I have something to drink?
2. Could I borrow your stapler?

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1.- Could I have the flask?
2.- Could I leave early, please?

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1. I could run ten miles in my twenties.
2. I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

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1.- Could you please turn to page twelve?

2.- Could you repeat what you said Jenny, please  ?

3.- Could you please take out your notebooks?

4.- Can you run 3 hours?

5.- Can you write down the answers?

6.- Can you eat junk food?

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We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use be able to instead of "can" or "could" for ability.

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I have been able to swim since I was five.

You will be able to speak perfect English very soon.

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"May" is a modal verb most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common. Examples: Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work.

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1. Mr Hunt is late. He may have missed his train
2. Ann may have failed the exam because she was sick.

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1.- You may borrow my motorcycle if you're careful.
2.- You may borrow my computer if you are careful.

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1.-May I get you homework right now, miss?
2.- May I ask a doubt please?

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Express wishes (Only MAY)

1.- May the new year bring you happines.
2.- May you both be very happy.

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"Might" is a modal verb most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

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1. It might rain later (= it is possible that it will rain)

2. I might go to the movies tonight. (Though I'm not sure)

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Must is a modal verb. It is followed by the base form of a verb. 1. verbo modal. You use must to indicate that you think it is very important or necessary for something to happen

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1. I must memorize all of these rules about modal verbs.

2. People must remain seated until the show is over.

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1. Look at all of that snow. It must be really cold outside.

2. The ground was wet this morning. It must have rained last night.

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1. You mustn't use your smartphone while you are driving.

2. You mustn't get on the subway if you haven't paid for the ride.

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Have to is a semi-modal verb that is used very frequently in English to express obligation. We say semi-modal because it does not follow the rules of modal verbs

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1. You don’t have to drink that.

2. You don’t have to tell John.

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1. I had to pay my speeding ticket yesterday.

2. She had to give a presentation to her boss.

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need is most typically used in negative sentences or in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning. It expresses absence of obligation or necessity, and it is followed by a bare infinitive: You needn't worry about that. No one need be surprised at what happened.

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1. We need to spend much time on this topic. It’s not going to be in the exam.

2. Cans of soup need to be kept in the fridge.

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You use should or ought to to say that you expect something to happen. We should be there by dinner time. It ought to get easier with practice. You use should or ought to with have and a past participle to say that you expect something to have happened already.

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1.- You ought to study more.
2.- If you have trouble doing math, you should try to practice more.

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1. They should win the game because they are a much better team.

2. I posted the cheque yesterday so it should arrive this week.

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1. You should have given your boss the report yesterday when he asked for it.

2. I should have studied more but I was too tired.

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1. You should be wearing your seatbelt. (The person isn't wearing one right now)

2. We should be studying for the test. (We are not studying right now and we should)

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1. You shouldn't throw your litter onto the street.

2. We shouldn't leave without saying goodbye.

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We use had better to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think people should do or which are desirable in a specific situation. The verb form is always had, not have. We normally shorten it to 'd better in informal situations.

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1. Had I better speak to Joan first before I send this form off? What do you think?

2. Had we better leave a note for the delivery guy to take the parcel next door?

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Shall is not used very much nowadays and mostly in formal speech and some legal documents. Originally Shall was used instead of Will in first person (with I and We) when talking about the future. Now almost everyone uses Will with all subjects.

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1. Shall I get a pizza for dinner tonight?

2. Shall we take a taxi home?

3. What shall I do with your mail when it arrives?

4. I shall meet you there at 7.

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That bag looks heavy. Shall I carry it for you?

Shall I wait for you?

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You shall be the first person to know. (= I promise that you will be the first person)

I shall get you a new bike for your birthday.

I shall turn 30 next week.

We shall know the results of the exam next week.

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We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another verb.

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For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)

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For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)

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1. I'll call a taxi for you.

2. I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now)

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1. The President will not be re-elected at the next election.

2. I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.

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To make an offer, a promise or a threat.

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To make an offer, a promise or a threat.

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1. You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you.

2. I will do my best to help you.