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In fast forward

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The following experimental techniques can be used to measure the rate of a reaction:

1. If a gas is produced. Measure the volume of gas produced (or used) per unit time.

2. If a gas is produced and allowed to escape. Measure the change in mass per unit time of a reaction mixture as the gas escapes from the reaction mixture.

3. If a precipitate is formed. Measure the turbidity per unit time of a reaction mixture (the degree of cloudiness).

4. If a colour change is observed. Measure the time taken for the colour change to occur. Not highly recommended due to subjectivity.

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Rates Of Reaction 2 (Collecting Gas) - GCSE Science Required Practical

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1. Calorimetry: Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction. By measuring the temperature change of a system (usually in a device called a calorimeter) during a reaction, one can calculate the heat energy involved. This helps determine the enthalpy change (∆H) of the reaction, which is a measure of the energy change.

2. Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, can provide information about the energy levels of molecules. For instance, IR spectroscopy measures the vibrational energy levels of molecules, while NMR spectroscopy provides information about the magnetic properties of nuclei in molecules.