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Titin, whose formula is C₁₆₉ ₇₁₉H₂₇₀ ₄₆₄N₄₅ ₆₈₈O₅₂ ₂₃₇S₉₁₁, is the largest known protein with roughly 30,000 amino acids comprising 244 different domains, coded for by 363 different exons. This protein is so large it can be measured in microns.
Titin is responsible for helping your muscles contract and stay passively elastic. As it stretches, hydrophobic residues are exposed to the surrounding hydrophilic environment; when the stress is relieved it all coils back up.

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This protein is called Hsp70 or 70-kDa heat shock protein. It is a chaperone that is well-conserved across domains. There are different ones in the ER and cytosol, but it’s functions range from folding nascent polypeptide chains, dissembling aggregates and oligomers, rescuing misfolded proteins, and even translocations proteins. They contain 3 basic parts: Substrate binding domain, nucleotide binding domain, and flexible linker connecting the 2.

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The Forkhead Box Protein P2 (FOXP2) is a transcription factor that in humans is linked to speech/language development when expressed in the brain. It is theorized to be crucial for neuron growth and communication as well as synaptic plasticity. Outside of the brain, the FOXP2 protein can be found in the cardiac, digestive, and respiratory systems.

The absence of this gene can lead to speech/language-related disorders as well as delayed development of some motor skills or mental capabilities.

Link to Image: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/litView.do?structureId=2A07

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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

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Jennifer Yarp

Produced by cells that stimulate angiogenesis. Acts as a signal protein in the angiogenesis pathway. Overactive angiogenesis is the root of many ophthalmic diseases (wet AMD, diabetic macular oedema). Additionally, angiogenesis in solid tumours can lead to faster proliferation as the increase in blood vessels provides more oxygen and nutrients to the tissue. Many ophthalmic and cancer medications target VEGF, and are therefore called Anti VEGF agents.

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Keratin is a fibrous protein that functions as a key structural material in hair, skin and nails. Keratin proteins form long twisted strands that may interconnect via disulphide bridges.

Link to source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-7-nucleic-acids/73-translation/visualising-proteins.html

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CLOCK
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Mobeena Naz
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CLOCK
Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) protein is a transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system. It regulates various physiological processes which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behaviour. The Circadian rhythm consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental factors, the most predominant being light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. Transcription and translation of core clock components (including CLOCK) plays a critical role in rhythm generation (e.g. the diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle). Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and ageing.
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Beta-amyloid
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Anonymous
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Beta-amyloids are small proteins in the brain that are formed when a larger protein, the amyloid precursor protein, is broken down into smaller pieces, sometimes forming a piece with a rather "sticky" composition, the beta-amyloid. The sticky nature of the beta-amyloids can  form amyloid-plaques, which block communication, and are thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

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Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) protein is a transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system. It regulates various physiological processes which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behaviour. The Circadian rhythm consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental factors, the most predominant being light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. Transcription and translation of core clock components (including CLOCK) plays a critical role in rhythm generation (e.g. the diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle). Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and ageing.

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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is an enzyme-linked receptor that is encoded by the ALK gene on chromosome 2p23. This receptor has an important role in cellular communication and the normal development and function of the nervous system. Around 60% of anaplastic large-cell lymphomas are related to a t(2;5)(p23:q35) chromosomal translocation that generates the fusion protein NPM-ALK, where the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase is fused to the amino-terminal part of the nucleophosmin protein. There is constitutive activation of ALK which triggers RAS and JAK/STAT signalling pathways that are oncogenic. In addition, some lung adenocarcinomas are associated with gain-of-function mutations of ALK. Crizotinib and ceritinib are ALK inhibitors used in the treatment of this specific type of lung cancer.

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Type of protein found on the membrane of an erythrocyte that leaves a sialic acid residue, contributing to the cell's negative charge. It is gylcosylated and plays a role in the specificity of blood groups.

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An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.

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Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (or BRCA1) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that facilitates 'Lys-6' polyubiquitin chains and plays a central role in DNA damage repair. It is a tumour suppressor protein, required for normal cell cycle regulation and control of progression from G2 to mitosis. BRCA1 is uniformly expressed throughout all tissues in the body and specifically resides within the nuclei of cells. Mutations to BRCA1 increase susceptibility to breast cancer (in women) and prostate cancer (in men) due to impaired DNA repair capabilities and loss of tumour suppressor functions.

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Calreticulin (or Calregulin) is a protein usually found in the endoplasmic reticulum, but can also be found in the nucelus. It is a protein that binds to Ca2+ ions and functions as a quality-control molecular chaperone that identifies and binds to misfolded proteins. It prevents these misfolded proteins from leaving the cell by blocking their movement from the ER to the golgi apparatus. Once prevented from transport, these proteins will be targeted for degredation, typically by ubiquitin.

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The ETV6 (i.e. translocation-Ets-leukemia virus) protein is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the ETV6 or TEL gene. The ETV6 protein regulates the development and growth of diverse cell types, particularly those of hematological tissues. However, the ETV6 gene often undergoes various mutations, which can cause it to fuse with another gene and lead to an array of potentially lethal cancers. One such fusion is that of the ETV6 gene and the RUNX1 gene, which also regulates cell growth. The ETV6-RUNX1 translocation is the most common translocation found in paediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, ETV6 is also an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in that mutations in it that encode for a truncated and therefore inactive protein are also associated with certain types of cancers.

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The 6 isoforms of the tau protein are found in the microtubules of neuronal axons in the CNS. Tau's main function is maintaining microtubule stability through interactions with tubulin and cycles of phosphorylation. Hyperphosphorylation of tau causes it to aggregate and form insoluble tau tangles within neurons. This is one of the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.

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Titin is the largest known protein at 27,000 - 35,000 amino acids in length. Titin functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscles. It also helps myosin molecules to remain in place. It is composed of 244 individually folded protein domains connected by unstructured peptide sequences. These domains unfold when the protein is stretched and refold when the tension is removed.

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This RNA polymerase is a key protein in the replication of the Covid-19 virus. It also happens to be the protein via which the Remdesivir drug attacks. In a global act of collaboration, researchers found this drug to be a clinically effective way to treat patients with Covid-19. Remdesivir acts as an ATP substrate with viral RNA which impedes the RNA polymerase's ability to terminate transcription of the viral RNA. 

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Found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, this protein is responsible for 3 steps in beta oxidation. It is a hetero-octamer, which means it is an eight protein complex composed of different subunits (HADHA & HADHB). Those with mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency are unable to proceed through fatty acid beta oxidation, resulting in symptoms such as low blood sugar and weak muscle tone.

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Lipase enzymes break down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Digestion of fat in the small intestine is helped by bile, made in the liver. Bile breaks the fat into small droplets that are easier for the lipase enzymes to work on.

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GDHs involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and catalyze conversion of L-glutamate into α-
ketoglutarate  via oxidative deamination. Homohexamer enzyme localized to the mitochondria. Subunits comprised of 500 amino
acids in animals. Each subunit composed of NAD(P) binding domain at N terminus, Glutamate binding
domain and the antenna domain

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Copy of Hexamer of GDH - Subunits Shown Separately

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Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is considered to be one of the most important regulatory enzymes in cell metabolism, especially during glycolysis. This crucial enzyme is used to commit the conversion of glucose into ATP specifically by converting fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP.

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Programmed cell death protein 1, expressed by activated T cells  and other immune cells, normally functions to regulate the immune response by inducing tolerance. Lack of expression may lead to the development of autoimmune disease while over-expression favours the growth of various kinds of cancer.

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Immune protein which can be produced by NK cells. Will activate macrophages, and helps with anti-viral defenses, amongst other immune functions

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Amylase is found in human saliva and works as an enzyme to catalyse the hydrolysis of starch into sugar units, beginning the process of digestion.

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BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family of growth factors and promotes brain cell growth. It aids in the survival, growth, and differentiation of new and existing neurons. BDNF is also important for long-term memory.

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CASP3 is a protein that exists as a proenzyme in the cytoplasm of cells. After proteolysis, its two subunits form the active enzyme, which plays an essential role in cellular apoptosis.

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RAG-1 and RAG-2 enzymes are part of the adaptive immune system, as they are essential for the generation of mature B cells and T cells. They are encoded by the RAG1 and RAG2 genes respectively, only expressed in lymphocytes during the developmental stage.

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PTK2 is a focal-adehesion associated kinase; it helps cells stick together and move around. When blocked in breast cancer patients, it reduces metastasis of cancer cells.

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Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing proteins. It is produced in an inactive form (trypsinogen) in the pancreas, and converted to active trypsin upon entering the small intestine.

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Branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) enzyme complex

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Branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) enzyme complex

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BCKD is a complex of enzymes found on the mitochondrial inner membrane.
BCKD plays a role in protein metabolism by catalysing the oxidative decarboxylation of branched chain amino acids.

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Rhodopsin is found in the rods of the retina. It is very sensitive to light, enabling vision in conditions of low-light.

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Important in a major protein degradation pathway. Ubiquitin is added to miss-folded or unneeded proteins and poly-ubiquitination signals the protein
for degradation.

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Fibrin is a fibrous protein which is involved in the blood clotting process. The action of a proteasome called thrombin on fibrinogen, causing polymerisation, forms fibrin.

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Trans-membrane protein responsible for recognising presented antigens from other immune cells and mounting an immune response. Formation involves the recombination of several gene segments in order to create a variable region to bind to any antigen presented to the cell. Each T cell has a specific T cell receptor in order to create a large catalogue of receptors to bind to any possible antigen present within the body to help fight disease.

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Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein is a type III intermediate filament that forms part of the cytoskeleton of mature astrocytes and other glial cells and is found exclusively in the Central Nervous System. This protein is a biomarker for brain injury screening, particularly as an indicator of astroglial injury and severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I

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MHC class I molecules are expressed on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the body. They present bits of proteins that are being synthesised inside the cell to the cytotoxic T cells of the immune system, for example, to show if the cell has been infected with a virus and is making viral proteins and therefore needs to be destroyed.

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Telomerase is responsible for maintaining telomere length during replication by adding species-specific repeats to the 3' end of DNA.

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Gives blood a red appearance, and transports oxygen around the body in red blood cells.

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Located in cell membrane. Couples ATP synthesis to an electrochemical gradient.

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Found in plasma membrane, moves potassium ions into cell and pumps sodium ions out.

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Helicase is an enzyme that separates the two nucleic acid strands using ATP.  It is used in DNA replication and transcription.

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A hormone secreted by the pancreas. Regulates blood glucose level by stimulating glucose uptake by cells

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When activated it inhibits the breakdown of fat and the development of atherosclerosis, induces vasodilation and mediates niacin-induced flushing. Additionally, it is the sole protein receptor in humans (found on microglial cells) to have beta hydroxybutyrate as its ligand, and is implicated in in the metabolic reprogramming in inflammatory microglial phenotypes

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Consists of four polypeptide subunits, each of which contain a heme group that has one iron atom.
Helps in the transport of oxygen by binding oxygen molecules to the iron regions found on the protein.

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A G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor expressed in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. It is activated by: endocannabinoids, plant phytocannabinoids, such as THC (the active ingredient of cannabis) and, synthetic analogs of THC.

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Responsible for (1) the oxidation of steroids, fatty acids, (2) the clearance of various compounds , and (3) hormone synthesis and breakdown. This enzyme is found in most tissues of the body, and they are primarily membrane-associated, such as in the inner membrane of mitochondria or in the ER.

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Responsible for the formation of Cholesterol. Statin drugs, such as Lipitor, inhibit this protein.

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Made in the liver, functions in the bloodstream. Main functions are maintain fluid balance in the blood and carry various hydrophobic substances throughout the body (i.e. hormones).

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Reverse transcriptase is responsible for the reverse transcription of DNA from RNA in retroviruses such as HIV.

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This enzyme is found throughout the body, mainly in liver. It is responsible for the breakdown of acetaldehyde into acetic acid, protecting the body from harmful effects of acetaldehyde (a product of alcohol metabolism)