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A Zener diode is a type of diode that allows current to flow in the conventional manner - from its anode to its cathode i.e. when the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Wikipedia

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Watt's Law states that: Power (in Watts) = Voltage (in Volts) x Current (in Amps) P = V I Combining with Ohm's law we get two other useful forms: P = V*V / R and P = I*I*R Power is a measurement of the amount of work that can be done with the circuit, such as turning a motor or lighiting a light bulb.Oct 4, 2009

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1. the SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere.

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A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings.

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A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Wikipedia

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Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points. The difference in electric potential between two points in a static electric field is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points. Wikipedia

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The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. Wikipedia

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A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Wikipedia

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In chemistry and physics, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. Wikipedia

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solve serious problems for a company or other organization.

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a semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to rectification.

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The Static Switch makes a rapid switch from one source to the other in the event of a fault to the power supply used to power the load, or carry out test/maintenance. One of the two sources can be designated as the preferred power supply, to which the Static Switch will transfer the load.

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A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word referred to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. Wikipedia

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A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. Wikipedia

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A combination circuit is one that has a "combination" of series and parallel paths for the electricity to flow. Its properties are a combination of the two. In this example, the parallel section of the circuit is like a sub-circuit and actually is part of an over-all series circuit.

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An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements. An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. Wikipedia

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A series circuit is a closed circuit in which the current follows one path, as opposed to a parallel circuit where the circuit is divided into two or more paths. In a series circuit, the current through each load is the same and the total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each load.

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Semiconductor-based temperature sensors, or integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors, operate with reverse bias, have a small capacitance and a low leakage current. They are formed on thin wafers of silicon. They are compact, produce linear outputs, and have a small range of temperature.Feb 13, 2019

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A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. Wikipedia

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An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit.

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A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. Wikipedia

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A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Wikipedia

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The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. Wikipedia

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A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p⁺ , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as "nucleons". Wikipedia

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A primary cell is a battery that is designed to be used once and discarded, and not recharged with electricity and reused like a secondary cell. In general, the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not reversible, rendering the cell unrechargeable. Wikipedia

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supply (a device) with mechanical or electrical energy.

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Polarity in a Parallel Circuit. Just as in series circuits, electrical current flows “from negative to positive” through each of the load components in a parallel circuit. ... Note that the polarity of each of the resistors is the same as the polarity of the source.

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An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope or o-scope, CRO, or DSO, is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. Wikipedia

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Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Wikipedia

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An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current) . ... The unit of measurement for resistance is ohms (Ω).

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1. a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

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a machine, especially one powered by electricity or internal combustion, that supplies motive power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts.

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a device for giving light, either one consisting of an electric bulb together with its holder and shade or cover, or one burning gas or a liquid fuel and consisting of a wick or mantle and a glass shade.

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A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. Wikipedia

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An ion is an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge. Since the charge of the electron is equal and opposite to that of the proton, the net charge of an ion is non-zero due to its total number of electrons being unequal to its total number of protons. Wikipedia

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An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. Wikipedia

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An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. Wikipedia

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 

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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey. Wikipedia

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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a bulb to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Wikipedia

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A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, e.g. in diesel-electric trains using diesel ... Wikipedia

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a dynamo or similar machine for converting mechanical energy into electricity.

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Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas or a mixture of these gases. Wikipedia

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A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. Wikipedia

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1. a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

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An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. The word was coined by William Whewell at the request of the scientist Michael Faraday from two Greek words: elektron, meaning amber, and hodos, a way. Wikipedia

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Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days, electricity was considered as being unrelated to magnetism. Wikipedia

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Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design and application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. Wikipedia

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Direct current is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. Wikipedia

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A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction; it has low resistance in one direction, and high resistance in the other. Wikipedia

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Current is the rate of flow of electricity. The unit of current is the ampere (A) which is defined as 1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second.Jan 15, 2020

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The coulomb is the International System of Units unit of electric charge. It is the charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second: Thus, it is also the amount of excess charge on ... Wikipedia

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A continuity tester is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points; that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus. Wikipedia

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In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. Wikipedia

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A compact fluorescent lamp, also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.

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A printed circuit board mechanically supports and electrically connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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By definition, cellular engineering is a bioprocess that applies the principles of cellular or mole- cular biology to manufacture cell products for the regen- eration or repair of tissue and organ.

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A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. Wikipedia

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a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

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An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers. Wikipedia

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An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes, hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Wikipedia

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American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857

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Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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The United States Army Corps of Engineers is a federal agency under the Department of Defense that primarily oversees dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, as well as a wide range of public works throughout the world.

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A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads.

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a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

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A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction.

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the action of twisting or the state of being twisted, especially of one end of an object relative to the other.

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A tie, strap, tie rod, eyebar, guy-wire, suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear structural components designed to resist tension. It is the opposite of a strut or column, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.

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In physics, tension may be described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss ... Wikipedia

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A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s. Simple suspension bridges, which lack vertical suspenders, have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world.

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A strut is a structural component commonly found in engineering, aeronautics, architecture and anatomy. Struts generally work by resisting longitudinal compression, but they may also serve in tension.

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the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.

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The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members.

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Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and their components.Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, furniture, attire, soil strata, prostheses and biological tissue.

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the branch of mechanics concerned with bodies at rest and forces in equilibrium.

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A static load bearing is the weight applied without any build up of energy, and therefore is to remain motionless. Force, pressure, and gravity remain static or are applied gradually. A dynamic load bearing is measured by the application of rapid force or pressure to an object.

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break off or cause to break off, owing to a structural strain.

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A Road

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A pier foundation is a collection of large diameter cylindrical columns to support the superstructure and transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood several feet above the ground. It is also known as “post foundation”.

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Construction Loads are defined as, loads imposed on a completed or temporary structure during and as a result of the construction process. ... Any external force or moment or couple is said to be a load when these are acting on the member during its functionality.

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a point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined.

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an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.

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Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information".

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1. an engineer who designs and maintains roads, bridges, dams, and similar structures.

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In physics and engineering, a free body diagram is a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and resulting reactions on a body in a given condition. They depict a body or connected bodies with all the applied forces and moments, and reactions, which act on the body.

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Central Core. The central core describes the five regions of the brain that are present in all vertebrate creatures and are responsible for the most basic and essential biological and sensory life processes.

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A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm.

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1. a bridge in which each span is constructed from cantilevers built out sideways from piers.

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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

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Brace. (in structural engineering), a connecting element that ensures the stability of a main (supporting) member of the frame and contributes to the three-dimensional rigidity of the structure as a whole.

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In engineering mechanics, bending characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. ... In the absence of a qualifier, the term bending is ambiguous becausebending can occur locally in all objects.

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Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between two points, using phase changes, that occur as electromagnetic energy waves travels from one end of the line to the other end.

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Beam bridges, also known as stringer bridges, are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported.

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a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an opening or part of a building, usually to support the roof or floor above.

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A dynamic load is any force that changes with time, such as car tyres, people walking, and wind gusts. Usually in structural engineering we treat these as static loads in order to simplify calculations.

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A dynamic load is any force that changes with time, such as car tyres, people walking, and wind gusts. Usually in structural engineering we treat these as static loads in order to simplify calculations.

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The meaning of compression in engineering is all about forces of compression. A compression force isdefined as the force generating by compressing or squeezing the object. When objects are compressed, shear forces comes into action which indicatescompression forces.

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In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam. This is where the structure's superstructure rests or contacts. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end. These provide vertical and lateral (side to side) support for the bridge.

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(of a moving ship or aircraft) twist or oscillate about a vertical axis.

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a turbine having a large vaned wheel rotated by the wind to generate electricity.