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Kabul is a city in Afghanistan, meaning Kabul is Muslim name which means -Acceptance; Fulfilled Wish, becoming the capital of the Mughal dynasty in 1504. Emperor Bābur fell in love with Kabul’s climate and its many fruit trees, so he decided to make the city his new home.It is located in the Khyber Pass and is one of the most important trade centers in the region. The city has been important to many different cultures and has been captured and destroyed by many different people. The Kabul settlement has been around for a long time, and it has been growing over the past few decades. This is because many people from areas that have been affected by the Afghan War (1978-1992) have moved to Kabul. However, it has always been able to rebound and become a powerful city again...

In 1919, the British were losing a war in Afghanistan and were worried that the country was not doing well. So Amir Amanullah Khan, the leader at the time, got really busy trying to make things better. He made a lot of changes, like giving people more freedom, and in 1921, Afghanistan became an independent country.

In 1928, Amanullah declared Afghanistan a monarchy, rather than an emirate. This upset many people, who started to rebel against him. In 1929, Amanullah abdicated, leaving the country.

In 1933, a new king was crowned who brought some stability to the country. He ruled for 40 years, until his death in 1967.

In 1947, Britain withdrew from India, creating two different countries - India, which is predominantly Hindu, and Pakistan, which is Islamic. Pakistan has a long, difficult border with Afghanistan.

In 1953, a new prime minister, General Mohammed Daoud Khan, came to power in Egypt. He was related to the king and wanted to improve the country's relationship with the communist Soviet Union. He also introduced a number of social reforms, including allowing women more freedom.

In 1973, a military coup overthrew the last king of Afghanistan, Mohammed Zahir Shah. Khan's regime, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, came to power and abolished the monarchy. Khan himself became president and the new Republic of Afghanistan was established with strong ties to the Soviet Union.

But a rivalry between Nur Mohammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin, another influential communist leader, led to fighting between the two sides. This fighting eventually led to the collapse of the Afghan Communist Party and the rise of the Taliban. In 1978, Mohammed Daoud Khan was killed during a communist coup. Nur Mohammad Taraki, one of the founding members of the Afghan Communist Party, took control of the country. He proclaimed Afghanistan to be an independent country, based on Islamic principles, Afghan nationalism, and socioeconomic justice. In 1975, Mohammed Daoud Khan proposed a new constitution that would give women some rights and modernize Afghanistan. He also cracked down on opponents, which made many people suspicious of him.

During the time that Mr. Khan was making changes to society, some conservative Islamic and ethnic leaders objected and started an armed rebellion in the countryside. In June, a guerrilla movement called Mujahadeen was created to fight against the government that was supported by the Soviet Union.

In 1979, many people in the United States were protesting the government. They were saying that they wanted more democracy and freedom.

On September 14, Ambassador Adolph Dubs was killed in a confrontation with supporters of Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin. This led to a power struggle between Taraki and Amin, with Taraki eventually being killed on September 14. This caused the United States to suspend aid to Afghanistan and led to a struggle for control between Taraki's supporters and those of Amin.

On December 24, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to help support the communist government. On December 27, Amin and many of his followers were executed, which led to public demonstrations against the Soviet Union. Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal became prime minister. These demonstrations showed that many people did not like the new government, and this led to more violence.

By early 1980, the Mujahadeen rebels had united to fight the Soviet invaders and the Afghan Army that was supported by the Soviet Union.

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Andres Enriquez- Muslim Discrimination Post 9/11

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Andres Enriquez- Muslim Discrimination Post 9/11

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After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, many Muslims or “Muslim looking” individuals and groups faced a large amount of discrimination. Hate crimes towards these people “spiked 500 percent between 2000 and 2009”. (“What It Meant To Be Muslim In America After 9/11” NPR 1:35-1:42). Some people committed these hate crimes due to them believing they had relation to the attacks on the world trade center and pentagon. Another reason for the crimes however, was blatant racism towards “Arabs, Muslims, and individuals perceived to be Arab or Muslim” and a lot of times people who wore turbans. (Lee 3) Hate crimes and discrimination are still around in todays society, however there are people and groups trying to end the media and societal perpetuation towards Muslims and Muslim perceived people. There are “organizations like CAIR [that] have helped make 'tremendous strides' in countering narratives perpetuated by [Islamophobic people]”. (Samari) yet there is still a lot of work to be done.

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Allison Amrani- Russian Occupation of Afghanistan and 1979 Afghanistan Revolution

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Allison Amrani- Russian Occupation of Afghanistan and 1979 Afghanistan Revolution

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The 1979 Afghanistan Revolution started with the toppling of the centrist government led by President Mohammad Daud Khan.  The unstable new government was run by two communist groups, the People’s Party and the Banner Party “which had earlier emerged from the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan” (“Afghan War”). These groups were in cahoots with the Soviet Union and after some time, because of all the fighting, the USSR was asked to invade Afghanistan. It is commonly believed that the Soviets embraced the opportunity to send troops to Afghanistan. However, a Soviet leader said to the Soviet Politburo, “the economy is backward,” explaining many other reasons why the invasion was not a good idea, before declaring “the idea is intolerable and we can not risk it” (Gibbs). Even so, the USSR sent troops to Afghanistan and “tried to crush the insurgency by various tactics” (“Afghan War”), making the war last until the Soviet Union’s inevitable decline. The war lasted 9 years and “an estimated one million civilians were killed” (Taylor).

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Andie Kelly- Marriage Traditions in Afghanistan

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Andie Kelly- Marriage Traditions in Afghanistan

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In Afghanistan it is a major marriage tradition for the groom to pay the bride’s father for her. This tradition however is described as “having no foundation in Islamic law” (Muzhary) but even with no root in Islamic marriage laws it is very similar to another tradition in Afghan marriages. The other tradition involving money which is called the dowry or the mahr is “given to the bride in case her husband dies or divorces her.” (Muzhary). Although these traditions are very similar, they are very much not the same thing. These traditions are very different in the way that the bride price “is a payment that the father…receives” whereas the mahr is “the groom’s financial pledge to his wife.” that is “intended to provide security for her” (Muzhary). Not only is the groom expected to pay for his wife and pay his wife, it is also expected that the “groom's side of the family takes care of all expenses” (Narang) including the cost of most of the wedding itself. A communist president attempted to put in place a set bride price as they often “lead to debt for grooms and their families”, but was seen as disrespectful and many Islamic scholars saw it as “intervening in their domain and curtailing their powers.” (Muzhary).
Unmarried people are typically seen as “socially unacceptable and… arouses suspicion of imperfection.” (Marriage). Single men in Afghanistan are seen as a “potential threat to the purity of single girls” but also as a threat to “the faithfulness of married women” (Marriage). Women that are unmarried are “viewed as shameful” (Muzhary) but even if they eventually get married when they’re older, that is also seen as shameful. The high pressure to get married could also be due to how the “religious obligation to marry is also great.” (Marriage). Afghan marriages are also intended to “achieve greater unity of power” by “[reinforcing] family ties and [aligning] tribal groups” (Marriage).

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James Adams - 2021 American Withdrawal from Afghanistan

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James Adams - 2021 American Withdrawal from Afghanistan

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According to The Washington Post’s article, when America’s withdrawal from Afghanistan, “so began a new era of Taliban rule.” (Mellen) Before the 2021 exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban fighters were more of a resistance that was fighting against the United States army. The article went on to say that shortly after, the Taliban swept across the country and seized the capital. After the American troops left, “Taliban fighters faced little resistance as they entered the capital,”. (Mellen) When all the news came out talking about all the events and Biden’s speech came out, American citizens were divided on whether it was the right choice, with “54% of Americans [saying] the decision to withdraw U.S. troops” (Schaeffer) was the right one. According to The New York Times’s article, they analyze Biden’s decisions, and how he “sought to justify his handling” (Shear and Tankersley) of the war. The authors state that Biden withdrew from Afghanistan to keep his campaign promise, and also because he was not going to extend that war forever. The withdrawal from Afghanistan “[was] a moral necessity” (Shear and Tankersley), and we had to leave the war once it was at a stalemate for too long.

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Max Cox - Education in Afghanistan in the 20th and 21st centuries

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Max Cox - Education in Afghanistan in the 20th and 21st centuries

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Education has been an up and down issue in Afghanistan for a very long time. The first people to be sent to school was a group of women sent out of the country to be properly educated, ever sense then the behavior towards female education has been drastically changed and is now viewed as a horrible thing to many. Women are raped, assaulted, and killed just trying to get to school, even if they make it to one of the few schools in Afghanistan they can easily be turned away. Many teachers have been killed for allowing women into their schools. The few people who do make it to school and are able to be educated (mostly men) are being taught old and out of date curriculum's. They are learning the same things that they were learning decades ago, not taking into account how quickly education standards are changing around the world. More and more buildings are being destroyed and taken away meaning there are less and less areas that are able to be used as a safe place of education. Afghan citizens have attempted to reach out for help but no one will listen, they cannot get help from their government on this issue because it is their government that caused these issues in the first place. People, however, are not staying silent "There is some movement among the young that understand that without education we can do nothing except fighting." (Middlebury). Younger and younger women are fighting for their right to education every day and working to create a better life for not only themselves but their families and their future children.

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Ella Miranda-Pashtun Tribes and Sunni Muslims

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Ella Miranda-Pashtun Tribes and Sunni Muslims

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The Pashtun tribe was one of the largest tribal societies located in East Afghanistan and Northwest Pakistan. The tribe believed that all Pashtuns are ¨patrilineal descendants¨ of one man and are of a ¨heterogenous origin.¨ (Glatzer) This tribe followed their own tribal system, which meant every Pashtun is ¨born equal¨ and social or economical advantages are ¨acheived individually.¨ (Glatzer) Although, they practiced Sunni Islam, which is one of the two principal sects in Islam. Sunni was established in the late 7th century and makes ¨roughly 85%¨(Knott) of muslims. The word ¨Sunni¨ originated from the Arabic word ¨sunna¨, which means tradition, and the two Islamic sects acquire the holy books Quran and Sunnah. Sunni Muslims, including the Pashtun tribe, are viewed as the ¨historic founders¨ (Knott) of the Afghan kingdom, and held nearly all power in their new location in the 16th and 17th century, Pakistan.

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Mady Romero- Social Hierarchy/Class System in Afghanistan 

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Mady Romero- Social Hierarchy/Class System in Afghanistan 

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In Afghanistan, the social hierarchy is made up of Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazaras. The social classes are differentiated by “ethnic roots and religious beliefs” (Asadli). One of the primary social classes, the Pashtuns, are “descendents of Eastern Iranians” and are“Sunni Muslims” while the other primary social class, the Hazaras, are from a “contingent of the army of Genghis Khan” and they are followers of the “Shi’a school of Islam” (“Afghanistan”). Pashtuns are the “largest ethnic group in Afghanistan”(Afghanistan”) and are known to have the most “political dominance”(“Afghanistan”). The Hazaras are “historically the most discriminated ethnic minority group” (“Afghanistan”). The Sunni muslim religion is very conservative compared to the Shi’a religion causing many Pashtun to think Hazara “liberalism”(Askary and Mohammadi) is inappropriate creating a rift between the two groups.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MAprgR0tPBxNtEW9AhPFgPecx_7vtsRAAM3zjjcjICw/edit

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The Hazaras are an ethnic group that primarily live in Afghanistan and speak a Persian dialect most hatred towards the Hazaras comes from the fact that they all come from different ethnic backgrounds and are not shia "the Talibans hatred for the Hazaras is primarily due to ....... discint ethnic backgrounds and they thus consider them to be infidels." (Unnati) The Hazaras are also said to be descendants Genghis Khan which sets the Hazaras apart from other Afghanistan's both from looks, dialect, and relgion as most are shia Muslims. "The Hazaras say that they are considered outsiders in their own country and have been persecuted throughout history." (Hucal) Not much is known about the beginning of the Hazaras but it is estimated that they have been around since the Mogul Dynasty and have been fight been fighting for rights ever since "Pashtun Armies have sowed the seeds of lasting enmity between the Hazara and Sunni Pashtuns." (Britannica)

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Uxue Sansinena - The Taliban in Kabul in 1996 (Events Leading Up to Taliban Control and the Effects of Them)

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Uxue Sansinena - The Taliban in Kabul in 1996 (Events Leading Up to Taliban Control and the Effects of Them)

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Before the “collapse of the Kabul regime” (Dorronsoro), tensions between the government and its people led to unrest and destabilization of Afghanistan that allowed the Soviets to overtake Kabul in 1992. Before the mid 1970’s, Afghanistan was under monarchical rule with a constitution that “provided for a constitutional monarchy” with “separation of executive, legislative, and judicial authorities” (“Afghanistan”). In 1973, however, a coup “overthrew the monarchy, abolished the constitution” and “established the Republic of Afghanistan” (“Afghanistan”). In 1977, a new constitution was enacted by The Grand Assembly of the Republic of Afghanistan. This, however, did not last long and another coup caused the abolishment of that constitution and “established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan governed by the Afghan Revolutionary Council” (“Afghanistan”). This, in turn, was overthrown by yet another coup that marked the start of Soviet rule by a socialist government in 1979.

As early as March 1979, many groups expressed their dissent of the Soviet government and citizens in the city of  Herat “revolted and [were] out of government control” (Dorronsoro). While this only lasted a week, the consequences of such actions led to 10,000 to 20,000 deaths. Protests all over Afghanistan continued with citizens using public gatherings such as “a student protest” as well as clothing “as a means to signify opposition to the government” (Dorronsoro). Soviet forces left Kabul early 1989, leaving a communist regime to fill its place. That regime lasted a mere three years before falling in 1992, marking the start of the Afghan Civil War that led to the eventual consolidation of power for the Taliban in 1996.

During the war taking Kabul was “the principal military and political objective” for groups. This focus on the capital meant that “clashes happened therefore mostly in Kabul” (Dorronsoro). Afghan powers such as commander Ahmad Shah Masud leading anti-Taliban resistance caused instability, especially in the capital, due to conflicts with the Taliban. The Taliban “wanted to make Afghanistan the world’s purest Islamic state” (“1996: Afghan Forces Routed as Kabul Falls”), which made other islamic groups such as the Hezb-i islami their main targets. Masud and his forces switched between allying and breaking ties with this group throughout the war, which caused more uncertainty and division between these forces despite them all being against a common enemy, the Taliban. These circumstances allowed the Taliban to have the Hezb-i islami “swept from the south of the capital” by 1995 and its ally group eliminated soon after due to being “isolated and weakened”.  In an attempt to stop the Taliban, Masud “took complete control” (Dorronsoro) of the capital, Kabul, after the Taliban eradicated both groups, however, Masud was eventually forced to evacuate the city and, by “storming the presidential palace” (“1996: Afghan Forces Routed as Kabul Falls”),  the Taliban took over Kabul.

Once in power, the Taliban changed society and government to fit their views. They first changed the name of the country to “Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan” (“Afghanistan”) to show their religious motivations. Their extremist ideologies and world views were seen through implementation of “executions and amputations” as punishments and women being “totally excluded from public life” (“1996: Afghan Forces Routed as Kabul Falls”). Government control over women went as far as pressuring women to “cover their heads in public and adopt traditional Muslim dress” and “strong penalities” were given to those who did not comply (“Afghanistan”). While women were technically allowed in public with these specific clothing regulations, “women rarely ventured outside” unless they were “accompanied by a male relative” (Dorronsoro) due to possible violence against women and discrimination against those who were unaccompanied. These oppressive laws and government policies were kept until the Taliban were overtaken in 2001.

In December of 2001, “the Taliban was toppled by a coalition of Afghan parties” led by the United States and a new constitution “providing for a directly elected president with two vice presidents” was put in place to allow for more democracy and freedom for Afghan citizens. To further protect the rights of citizens, the constitution has “provisions guaranteeing gender equality and the rights of religious minorities” (“Afghanistan”). With this clause, women were given more autonomy over what they could wear, what jobs they could apply for, and how they could act.

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Sophia Pieck -ISIS in Afghanistan (1999-present) 

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Sophia Pieck -ISIS in Afghanistan (1999-present) 

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ISIS, known as “Islamic State of Iraq and Syria '' was originally established in 1999.  ISIS is a militant Islamist group, considered a former unrecognized quasi-state group, who follow the Salafi Jihadist branch of the the religion, Sunni Islam. ISIS have made multiple attacks towards those in Afghanistan, and countries surrounding. Throughout the 20 years since establishment, the growth of the group has grown significantly. Afghanistan is a poor country, for those who join the group “receive a salary of 1,700 monthly”. (Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall). Because of the growing spread, this allowed the group to continue practices all across Afghanistan, particularly with children. People who take part in the group teach in village schools, the “teaches and practices” begin at “an early age of 3.”  (Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall).

With the ISIS group spreading throughout Afghanistan, they are known to target Religious Minorities. The majority of the attacks are targeted towards those of the Hazara and Shia people. These said attacks “beyond their immediate devastation” are considered to take a “terrible long-term toll” on the survivors. (Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities) Due to the attacks, it has made the practices for these religions nearly impossible. Those who have suffered from these attacks claim “they don't feel safe” whether this be at home or “going out in public.” (Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities)

The ISIS group is different when particularly comparing it to the Taliban. The Taliban consider the ISIS group as “an enemy one must destroy” who have occupied a large percentage of Taliban territory. (Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities). The comparison between the two groups lies between who they answer to. From members of the two groups, who have expressed deep opinions on the matter. The Taliban are considered “puppets of Pakistan” when ISIS “answer to God” and God only. (Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities). The group ISIS claims to be free, where they do not have to answer to the Caliphate. As of today, they continue to be a highly active Force in the Middle East. The group continues to stage attacks and “intimidate the public” from its former domain. (The U.S. War in Afghanistan)

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Arrange information from your 3 sources that 1) you think your peers would be less likely to know and 2) will help the class understand the context of the novel into paragraphs. Group the information in a logical way for the topic (not one paragraph per source).
I am looking for 1) lots of unique evidence about your topic, 2) your ability to cut a quote down to its most meaningful piece(s) and smoothly embed it into one of your sentences, 3) your ability to use context from INSIDE the text--the who, what, where, and/or when--to make the quoted information make sense, and 4) your ability to create a correct in-text citation and put it in the right spot. I am not looking for paraphrases.

Below, use the paper clip to attach your annotated bib link (like a works cited page on a paper). Note that you might have to go to "Share" and change the security settings to "Anyone with the link" can "view."

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Isabelle Morgan - Kite Fighting/Running Tournaments in Afghanistan

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Isabelle Morgan - Kite Fighting/Running Tournaments in Afghanistan

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Kite fighting tournaments and kite running are both popular pastimes in Afghanistan. Firstly, a kite fighting tournament is when two or more people participate in “contests to sever the kite strings…” (Dupree) of another person’s kite. There is a more formal version of the game and an informal version of the game; which is commonly played by youths. The more formal version of the game is a “two person affair” (Podelco). The two people involved are the “‘charka gir’” and the “‘gudiparan baz’” (Podelco). The “charka gir” is the person who holds onto a wooden handle, or spool with “which the wire, or ‘tar’ is wound” (Podelco). The “gudiparan baz” is the person who flies the kite. The informal version of kite fighting only involves one person holding the wire and directing the kite. In all forms of kite fighting the wire has glass that is “finely ground…[and] combined with [glue]” (Podelco). This process of combining shards of glass with glue makes the wire of the kite into a sharp knife. To prevent being cut by the sharp glass, some people will wrap “leather around their fingers” because the wire is sharp enough that it “...can cut to the bone.” (Podelco). Following this, a young boy too poor to afford those materials will become a kite runner. Any young kite runner will “[sprint] after defeated kites as they [fall]...” (Semple) to get free equipment. People play this rough game because it “is the only game [they] have every Friday” (Semple). Afghan people do not play soccer, baseball or basketball because they do not have the landscape to do so, or in other words they have “‘no green places.’” (Semple). Furthermore, the game aligns nicely with boys or men being “individualistic” and “martial” (Dupree) as Afghan culture claims they ought to be. Overall, kite fighting tournaments or kite running is a popular sport in Afghanistan, in which the goal is to sever the opponents kite string or chase after fallen kites.

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JoyMei Lincoln - Afghanistan Government during the 21st Century

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JoyMei Lincoln - Afghanistan Government during the 21st Century

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The history of Afghanistan’s government is at best fragile, with numerous “corrupt” authoritarian powers which were “unable to deliver the security and economic development” (Barfield) that the country so desperately needed. One such governing power was known as the Taliban, an “ultraconservative political and religious faction” made up of “Afghan religious students and scholars” that first made its appearance in the “mid-1990s” (“Taliban”). Although their original goal to “confront crime and corruption” was honorable, their policies and treatment of the people became increasingly brutal. Women were especially mistreated and practically “[excluded]... from public life” (“Taliban”). The Taliban rule continued for many long and oppressive years and was finally brought to an end after they were found guilty of hiding Osama bin Laden, affiliated with the network Al Qaeda, who had been charged with “[orchestrating] several attacks against the United States” (“Taliban”). These attacks, known as 9/11, consisted of four separate plane strikes (one of which failed) on the “World Trade Center in New York City” and “ the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.” (“Taliban”). Unfortunately, the Taliban was not disbanded and continued, even though a “ new regime, led by Hamid Karzai, was installed in Kabul.” (Barfield). However, the new central government was no better than the Taliban  and failed to “exert control throughout the country” (“Taliban”). Karzai served his terms and Ashraf Ghani was elected as president in September of 2014. It was not until the events of 2021 that Afghanistan began a rapid descent into chaos.

The forces that had kept the Taliban at bay were removed as President Biden of the United States ordered the “withdrawal of U.S. troops” (“Taliban”) as per the peace negotiation. Unsurprisingly, the Taliban did not keep their end of the bargain and proceeded to “[take] over the Afghan capital” (Trofimov). A mix of both the government’s languid reaction and the abandonment of their president led to political and economic “collapse” (Trofimiv). Meanwhile in the midst of Kabul, the police “deserted their posts” and “government ministries...were left abandoned”, while “American diplomatic personnel” (Trofimov) were evacuated onto planes. Since then, the country has remained in decline with the Taliban’s “repressive regime” (“Taliban”) reinstalled.

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Zoe Bent-9/11 Terrorist Attacks in the U.S. (2011)

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Zoe Bent-9/11 Terrorist Attacks in the U.S. (2011)

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On September 11th 2001 a terrorist group known as al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden  hijacked four airplanes. The first plane, American Airlines Flight 11, flying out of Boston crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center “cutting through floors 93-99.” (Hingson and Flory 184). The plane hit the tower at 8:46 a.m. Then at 9:03 a.m “United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower.” (Hingson and Flory 185). At 9:37 a.m the third plane, American flight 77 “crashe[d] into the Pentagon in Arlington Virginia” (Hingson and Flory 185) and collapsed a portion of it . The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, “crashed in a field in Pennsylvania” at 10:06 a.m after “passengers tried to regain control of the airplane.” (“World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks”). The suspected destination of this fourth plane was “either the Capitol or the White House.” (“World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks”).

The first building to be hit was the North Tower, inside the building “a tremendous BOOM!” could be heard and the tower “slowly [tipped] to the southwest” before “the tilting [stopped] and the building [began] to right itself.” (Hingson and Flory 9) The survivors of the initial impacts on the towers then had to evacuate down dozens of floors of stairs, though some were not so lucky. In the floors that the planes had impacted in fires that  “reached temperatures of up to 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit”  fueled by “desks, papers, carpets, ceiling tiles and even paint”(Solly). The fires burned so strong and hot that they “continued to burn for weeks.” (Solly). Due to being stuck with commercial airliners both towers collapsed within a few hours of collision. When the south tower collapsed eyewitnesses reported “eight-ton steel I-beams tumbling end over end” and “debris shower[ed] the streets.”(Hingson and Flory 9). After the projectiles had fallen a large cloud of “smoke, gasses, vapors, and pulverized concrete dust”  (Hingson and Flory 9) came from the tower.

The perpetrators of the attack, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda conducted the attack in protest to the United State’s “support of Israel [and]…anti-Islamist operations conducted in other countries.” (“World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks”).  As well as protesting the actions the US had taken against other countries with its sanctions on Iraq and troop presence in Saudi Arabia. The attack on America had been in the works for several years before it was actually carried out.

Ground Zero,the site of the World Trade center was the site of some of the most recognized first responder bravery, first responders not only faced the dangers of unstable conditions but also suffered everything from “asthma to cancer to post-traumatic stress disorder” (Solly) after the dust had settled and time had passed. The first responders were not the only ones who suffered in the aftermath of the attacks. American Muslims and others who appeared Muslim were often the victims of hate crimes such as those of the Sikh faith, both groups “faced an uptick in hate crimes following the attacks.” (Solly) The attacks also became the catalyst for George W. Bush’s War on Terror which included the United State’s occupation of Afghanistan with the purpose of “seeking out and destroying al-Qaeda” (“World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks”).

The United States also received international support and sympathy from around the world, even from countries hostile to the United States. The United Nations “officially condemned the attacks and offered its support in stopping terrorism.” (“World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks”). In addition most Middle Eastern nations, including Afghanistan,with Iraq being an exception, also condemned the attacks.

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ZOE BENT - Annotated Bibliography- Afghanistan Context Research for The Kite Runner

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Afghanistan communities/cultures in the US (DeJa Tafoya)

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Afghanistan communities/cultures in the US (DeJa Tafoya)

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In the early 1980’s Afghanistans started to migrate to the US from political unreliability. Before 1980 hit when the USSR invaded Afghanistan, military interventions and future civil wars in Afghanistan led to Deputy prime minister Karmal Barbrak moving up to the Prime minister position. Karmal resistance began while the Mujahideen rebels united to go against the USSR invaders. Later down the road the US power became more in depth in Afghanistan “more and more Afghans worked as interpreters, translators,” along with other jobs representing “the U.S. government or military.” (Batalova). While immigrants were moving to the US they also fled to “Pakistan and Iran were and remain much more common destinations” (Batalova) after the war for immigrants that couldn’t make it to the US. There’s more information about immigrants that migrated to the US in the 1930’s and 40’s because they were from “upper classes, highly educated, and had trained in a profession.” they usually came “alone or in family groups and some were married to Europeans.” (Eigo).

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The Quran, a Muslim religious text that “introduced both monotheistic religion and a core set of laws and ethics” (Doherty) has played a vital role in propelling Islam into becoming “the world’s second largest religion . . . counting . . . one quarter of the . . . population.”
The words in the Quran were believed to have been “revealed by the angel Gabriel” (Ringgren) to Muhammad, a prophet who is regarded highly among those who practice Islam, When it was believed that a “written collection of . . . revelations was produced . . .after [Muhammad’s] death” (Ringgren), many desired to preserve the wisdom from this religious work. Because of this, many practices from the birth of Islam are still alive today.
The ideas that remain to this day have spread partially due to advances in technology, as there is an online transcription of the Quran that promises to “make it easy for everyone to read, study, and learn” ("The Noble Quran") the Quran. This website includes all the religious content present in the Quran, from the first words “In the name of Allah - the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful” ("The Noble Quran") to the last.

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Linnea Mason - Role of Women in Afghani Society

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Linnea Mason - Role of Women in Afghani Society

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In Afghanistan's history, the government never could control women’s rights, and instead “tribal laws and sanctions have”(Ahmed-ghosh 2) decided what women should and shouldn't be able to do. Tribal laws such as, “not allowed to divorce, total obedience to the husband”(Ahmed-ghosh 2), and being forced to marry for political purposes, have been forced upon women for many years. Every time a government leader would try to change things to be better for women, the laws would never last because Afgans “in the rural areas” thought that the “changes were against the doctrines of Islam”(Ahmed-ghosh 5) and fought the laws. Even when they were in effect, Afghanistan did not have “a strong centralized state with a common legal system”(Ahmed-ghosh 2) and this made them hard to enforce. These leaders would try to enforce “the abolition of bride price and polygamy” and make “education for girls”(Ahmed-ghosh 5) possible, but these ideas were some of the most rejected among the people. It seems that no matter what anyone did to improve life for women in Afghanistan, the country always reverted back to what it was before.

In 1996 the Taliban came into power, and put “their own twist on the Koran”(Telesetsky 296). They justified their treatment of women by taking lessons from the Koran out of context. They used a “‘equal but different’ philosophy”(Ahmed-ghosh 7) to rationalize women doing all of the childcare and housework while the men got an education and worked outside of the house. Not being allowed to go to school was one of the most devastating changes for women. Secret schools set in houses for women did exist, but they risked “bodily harm and possibly even death if discovered”(Alvi). Other rules that the Taliban enforced were women were not “able to go outside except to buy food” and could not wear “fancy shoes”, but they “had to wear the burqa”(Ahmed-ghosh 7). The Taliban said all of this was to protect women, but they still “indulged in forced marriages and rapes.” (Ahmed-ghosh 7). All of these things weighed heavily on women. Just as things were starting to get better, they got much worse than they had ever been. Even through this all, Afghanistan always had women who “asserted their rights and marched towards modernization”(Ahmed-ghosh 11).

In 2001, the Taliban had “been removed from power by the US-led coalition”, but now that Afghanistan was free “some immediate problems…[could] already be identified”(Alvi). Women now had to start from stage one, almost none of them had any sort of education and most of the population still had deep rooted misogynistic views. One of the first things “girls and women” wanted was “an education that gives them [the] basic skills”(Alvi) needed to work and survive in the modern world. Afghan women hoped that in the future they would be able to have “the opportunity to transcend poverty”(Alvi). Schools gave them the means necessary to get a job and provide for themselves, and “Girls in particular are… going to schools with great enthusiasm.”(Alvi). Even though these amazing things were happening, “girls continue to be pulled out of schools to be married off” and the saddest part is the idea of ‘"Family honour’ pressures the girls to comply.”(Alvi)

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Gerlynn (GG) Romero - ISIS-K in Afghanistan

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Gerlynn (GG) Romero - ISIS-K in Afghanistan

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Founded in 2015, located in the middle east of Afghanistan, the Islamic State Khorasan Province was formed. ISIS-K, K stands for “Khorsan[, which] translates to ‘The Land of the Sun.’” includes many historical regions. Similarly to every group, ISIS-K has developed enemies that include “U.S. Forces, their allies and civilians.”. However, this group is unique for “openly f[ighting] with other extremist Islamic organizations,” (Paybarah). Paybarah notices ISIS-K’s “disregard for national borders” (quoted in Islamic State Khorasan) that will improve the chances of ISIS-K expanding outside of Afghanistan, to grow their group and take more control.

Over time the group has developed a reputation for “demonstrat[ing] an ability to conduct high- profile and complex attacks—”(Jones) against the U.S. Making it a possible threat to our country, and society in general. On Thursday, August 26, 2021 ISIS-K “claim[ed] responsibility for the suicide bombing attack,”(Alla and Mekhennet) that happened in Kabul Airport, to make a statement to the U.S. about power. To prioritize the safety of the military, and looking for the best interest in America, when Biden made the executive decision to withdraw the troops of Afghanistan, it resulted in “ISIS-K’s size… doubl[ing] in less than a year,”. Afghanistan is already “a weak and failing state.” this gives ISIS-K the chance to swoop in and take power, and execute their goal. Unfortunately, the goal is similar to other terrorist groups, “to establish a pan-Islamic caliphate.”(Jones) which plays an advantage to them since they can ultimately work together, and do whatever it takes to make that happen.

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British Invasion of Afghanistan 1838-1842 (Kate Obrey)

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British Invasion of Afghanistan 1838-1842 (Kate Obrey)

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In 1838 The Naval superpower, Britain, Invaded Afghanistan and fought for control throughout Central Asia '' against the land empire, Russia. Britain initially invaded Afghanistan “to  expand its security bubble in South Asia”(Williams) around the “Crown Jewel” of the British Empire.  Historians look at this period of the 19th century as “as the ‘Great Game’, a tug of war” between two powers,”East and West. The British wanted Afghanistan since the “inhospitable terrain, the unforgiving and unpredictable weather” Would make the land perfect for defending against an Russian invasion.

In 1839 16-20,000 British and Indian troops  “...invaded[d] Afghanistan and marched unchallenged into Kabul…”. Yet three years later the invaders fled for their lives “there was only one known British survivor”(Stewart), Assistant Surgeon Willaim Bydron, who was able to make it to Jalalabad, the town where the civilians, British and Indian troops sought refuge.

In the beginning of the invasion, the British had “ originally allied with the indigenous ruler Dost Mohammed” Who had been “uniting the fractured Afghan tribes.” Very quickly the British suspected that Mohammed had been “ in bed with the Russians”. Having relations break down and then the British appointed a new ruler by the name of Shah Shuja, who" had been king from 1803–10."(First Anglo-Afghan War)

. This ruler was not successful in keeping Afghanistan together eventually leading to “Underlying tensions and resentments” towards the British from the Afghan tribes. In 1842 the tension increased so astronomically that there ended up being a rebellion leaving two important British officials dead. After this event the British decided to not stay in Kabul and instead flee to Jalalabad, 90 miles away. Many troops and civilians  died because of cold, hunger or exhaustion. Historians call this retreat more of a “death march through hell” rather than “a hasty retreat”(Stewart).

The book Kite runner shows this still continuing rivalry between the British and the Russians. Since the book takes place in 1963-2001. During this time period the USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979-1989. This invasion of Afghanistan happened right in between this time period of the book. This context is about the tug of war between Britain and Russia. Is seen even recently despite these events happening almost 200 years ago.

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Even though Afghanistan is and was mostly known for being constantly invaded by foreign powers, in the 2nd millennium b.c.e, Zoroaster founded Zoroastrianism which was “one of the first religions to promote belief in just one god”. But, by the seventh century ,“Islam spread into the region” and eventually “became the primary religion” (Gale). In Afghanistan, mature political parties didn’t arise until the 1960’s because of things like “ties to tribal, regional, [and religion]”. In the 1960s, three main political groups formed each "representing the sentiments of a relatively small educated class" (Farr).

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Eva Martin- The American Invasion of Afghanistan 

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Eva Martin- The American Invasion of Afghanistan 

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The American invasion of Afghanistan began “after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States,”(G.W.B Presidensial Library and Museum). The attacks inspired the U.S to begin GWOT,  “Global War on Terror”(G.W.B Presidensial Library and Museum). Shortly after the attacks, President Bush began pushing against Al- Qaeda and Taliban operatives, and in October of 2001 “the President announced that the United States had begun military action in Afghanistan,” (G.W.B Presidential Library and Museum). In 2002/2003 the U.S “began exerting pressure on Iraq to follow through on its commitments to improve human rights, release prisoners, break ties with terrorists, and destroy weapons of mass destruction.”(G.W.B Presidential Library and Museum).

The two decades of war that followed are considered to be divided into “three phases”(Afghanistan War, Britannica). The first phase was “toppling the Taliban”(Afghanistan War, Britannica), which lasted less than two months. It led into the second phase, which lasted from 2002 to 2008. The goal of this phase was to aid in “rebuilding core institutions of the Afghan state” and “defeating the Taliban militarily”(Afghanistan War, Britanica). The Third phase began with the decision to “temporarily increase the U.S. troop presence in Afghanistan ''(Afghanistan War, Britannica). The troops were used for “protecting the population from Taliban attacks and supporting efforts to reintegrate insurgents into Afghan society.”(Afghanistan War, Britannica).

As the war was coming to an end, there were still issues that needed to be resolved. In 2020, the Taliban rose back to power and the “Afghan government collapsed”, as a result of the “Taliban [taking] Kabul”(Timeline, U.S. Afghan War). Regardless, the U.S continues the withdrawal of forces and finishes by August of 2021.

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The women in Afghanistan are suffering with the new orders of the Taliban. They have been facing strong violence, since the Talibans return to power a year ago.  “Taliban morality police tighten their grip on Afghan women.” (Tsai) The Taliban “offered assurances” that they would respect the rights of the women in Afghanistan. Yet women are still being detained for being out in public without a male chaperone, and subjected to physical and or mental torture in confinement. “Physical and psychological torture in confinement” (Tsai) Studies and documents also are reporting that there are increases in child marriages and martial rape since the Taliban’s takeover. The Taliban also told survivors of domestic violence that they would be sent to shelters, but instead they are being imprisoned. Dozens of women's rights activists have also been imprisoned ‘“Once you go to the prison, it’s a big deal,”’(Tsai), as well as having restricted access to women’s education and bared them from going to work because of their potential proximity to men. “the Taliban has imprisoned dozens of women’s rights activists.” (Tsai) Even women whom have peacefully protested were beaten and harassed for their apparent ‘violation’ of the law. No matter what these women are doing, or even not doing, they are heavily monitored, controlled, and discriminate against. In the last two years, there have been more than a dozen high-profile rape cases. Zina, a crime of outside engament of sexual intercourse outside of marriage can cost someone up to 15 years in prison. “many women and girls have been convicted of zina after being raped or forced into prostitution” (The Medium) The imprisonment rate rose 50% between 2011 and 2013. Now these women are subjected to virginity tests, which are for the courts to see if women have recently had sexual intercourse, and they don’t require consent to happen. “Such exams also constitute cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment under international law.” (The Medium) Subjecting anyone to a virginity test post-rape is equal to punishing the said victim and it could get worse as these women’s shelters are beginning to close, due to international funding following the departure of combat forces. Now these women have no access to these shelters in the southern part of the country.

The EVAW (Emliation of Violence Against Women) has been continuously fighting against the harassment and rape against women and girls, and have made little progress. “although some progress has been made in recent years” (The Medium)

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The Sharia Family Law states that “family is the fundamental pillar of the society” (Musawah) and must be protected by the state. It is also committed to keeping the “physical and spiritual health of the family.” (Musawah) especially the well being of the mother and the child. There are also other things such as child marriage, divorce, inheritance and polygamy. Each part of the Sharia Law has to do with the rights of women. Each law within the Sharia Law has to do with the role or the rights the women have. With divorce, women and men are unequal. Women are not even aware of the “right to seek judicial divorce.” (Musawah). This is mostly due to the fact that “divorce is culturally unfavorable” (Musawah). There is also a fear of losing the rights of being with their children if they are to divorce.

The Sharia Law is based on “the fundamental concept of Islam” (Britannica School), and is different in two different ways: The range of the Sharia Law is broader, and has other practices such as daily prayer, known as ṣalāt, fasting, etc.. They are considered to be fundamental “[parts] of sharia law” (Britannica School). There are specific ethical actions that the Sharia deems important as well. Such as things that are praiseworthy, also known as mandūb, which are things that are considered to be performances that bring a reward. There are also the less favorable actions, or makrūh, which punish you for your unfavorable actions. The Sharia is not just based on laws, but  “a comprehensive code of behavior that embraces both private and public activities.” (Britannica School).

In modern times, the Sharia Law has been having a larger impact on women now that the Taliban is back in power. The Taliban imposed strict rules with the Sharia. They took away many women’s rights.They made laws where women could not legally leave the house without a male guardian with her. They “[eliminated] schooling for girls”, and would “publicly [beat] people who violated the groups morality code.” (Victor). Now that the Taliban is back in power, there is some discussion about the future of the Sharia Laws, and women’s rights. There are different perspectives on what the future for women will look like. Some say that it “could afford women extensive rights,” but the other side is that it “could leave women with few.” (Victor). But one thing that is for certain, is that there are already actions that have been taken that have left women without rights to education, rights to work, and other things such as this.

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Sabrina Kelley- The Five Pillars of Islam

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Sabrina Kelley- The Five Pillars of Islam

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Islam started in seventh century CE, when an angel told Muhammad to recite the word of God. Muhammad, over time, was considered God’s messenger. Muslims believe that Muhammad was sent by God to bring people to back to the one true religion, which meant yielding to an all-powerful God. The Five Pillars of Islam were later established, which involves acting in accordance to the pillars. Though something to note is that not all Muslims follow them consistently and “as in all religions, circumstances vary” (Knott) which leads other factors such as illness, age, wealth, and pregnancy to affect those who follow the pillars.

The first pillar is Shahada, or Faith, in which the statement “There is no God but God (Allah), and Muhammad is God’s prophet” must be recited. The statement must be said at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime “aloud, correctly, and purposively,” and with a “full understanding of its meaning” (“Pillars of Islam” 8). It is the foundational statement made by Muslims, and must be said in front of three witnesses.

The second pillar is Salah, or Prayer. Salah is the “ritual prayer of Islam” in which “Muslims conform to the will of Allah” (Knott). Muslims must pray five times a day, once in the dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening. On Friday congregational prayer takes place.

The third pillar is Sawm, or Fasting, where Muslims fast during Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Muslims do not “eat or drink or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours”, and the fast is broken with a meal after sunset. Though not all Muslims have to participate in Sawm if they are children, elderly, ill, pregnant, or breast-feeding.

The fourth pillar is Zakat, or Alms-giving, which is a donation made by Muslims to help “victims of environmental disasters, the urban poor and those in conflict zones” (Knott). Muslims donate a portion of their wealth, which can include food, goats, sheep, gold, silver, and can be donated after owning the item/animal for a year.

The fifth pillar is Hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca. The pilgrimage to Mecca, in Saudia Arabia, is when Muslims complete a series of tasks, following a pattern set by Muhammad. Most Muslims “must try to fulfill [the pilgrimage] at least once in their lives” (Green 4:27), unless they are ill or poor. When the traveler is about six miles away from Mecca they “enter the state of holiness and purity” (“Pillars of Islam” 7), and once entering Mecca they walk around a sacred shrine called Kaaba seven times, and continue the multiple other tasks. Once the pilgrimage is complete, one may add hajj (male) or hajjah (female) to their name. The pilgrimage is believed to remove “previous sins for the sincere believer” (“Pillars of Islam” 7).

It is important to understand the five pillars for it “can help overcome prejudices about Muslims” and to “correct misunderstandings” (Knott) regarding what Muslims believe.

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Nuala Colgan- Afghan Immigration to North America

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Nuala Colgan- Afghan Immigration to North America

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The first immigrants to arrive in America from Afghanistan arrived in the 1930s or 1940s, and they were from the “upper classes, [had been] highly educated, and had [been] trained in a profession.”(Eigo). From around 1953 to the 1970s, only about “230 Afghans” came to America and officially “became American citizens” (Eigo), however this does not reflect those who came for a college education and then went back to Afghanistan, or those who were visiting for other purposes. In the 1980s, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, “about 2,000 to 4,000 Afghans arrived every year until 1989,” (Eigo), which was a massive increase from years prior. Afghans who came to the United States under these circumstances “were granted political asylum”, or “arrived through a family reunification program or by illegal entry.” (Eigo).

Afghans have been continuously coming since then, but the richer Afghans are no longer the majority of people coming, it’s become mainly the poorer and lower-income families who are immigrating. These displaced Afghans have “fewer experiences with Americans, [and] less education”, and because they cannot afford to attend school in America, they have “fewer opportunities to become adept at English.” (Eigo). Today, due to the Taliban coming back into control after the United States pulled troops out of Afghanistan in 2022, the US government thinks that around “50,000 Afghans will eventually be brought to the United States” (Batalova) in years to come. The Afghan population will be increasing dramatically in the United States, just like it did in the 1980s, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and then the Taliban first came into power. During that time, the number of displaced Afghans in the United States “grew 11-fold, from approximately 4,000 to 45,000.” (Batalova).

The Taliban coming into power is the reason why so many Afghans are currently displaced, but Afghan immigration into the United States began in the 1980s, whereas the Taliban didn’t really come into rule until 1994. Many Afghans left their country earlier because of “the levels of infant mortality and life expectancy.” (Dupree). Afghanistan has “one of the least-developed health care systems in the world.” (Dupree), which causes so many people, if they get the opportunity, to leave Afghanistan in hopes of the better health care that the United States and many other countries offer.

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