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SCRIPT CONTEXT AND PLAY

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tapez le texte  sur ce site, sélectionnez un accent et une voix et écoutez comment prononcer votre script !!!!
Pas besoin de s'inscire, juste cliquer sur l'onglet "voix"  en haut à gauche puis sur " démo".

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Acapela Group, l'expert des solutions vocales, présentent Aurora et Alessio, deux nouvelles voix d'enfants qui vont répondre aux besoins des jeunes italiens qui recherchent une voix reflétant leur âge.
Lire le communiqué en Italien
Pour la première fois, les enfants italiens qui vivent avec des problèmes de communication verbale vont avoir la possibilité d'exprimer leurs souhaits, leurs désirs et leurs besoins avec une voix qui leur ressemble. Pour de nombreux enfants et leurs entourages, cela représente un grand pas en avant.

Un répertoire unique de 20 voix d'enfants!

Depuis plusieurs décennies déjà, les solutions de Communication Alternatives et Augmentées (CAA ou AAC en anglais) ont permis aux enfants privés de parole de s'exprimer. Jusqu'à récemment, ces enfants devaient exprimer leur pensées, besoins ou souhaits avec des voix d'adultes.

En 2012, nous avons fièrement dévoilé avec AssistiveWare une première mondiale : les voix de synthèse d'enfants. Les premières voix ont été développées en anglais britannique, permettant alors à 74 000 enfants et adolescents en Angleterre vivant avec des problèmes de langage, de s'exprimer avec une voix d'enfant. Nous avons depuis ajouté d'autres langues. Acapela Group est ainsi le seul spécialiste dans le monde à offrir un répertoire de plus de 20 voix d'enfants authentiques, enregistrées par des enfants, pour être utilisées par des enfants.

Aurora et Alessio rejoignent la joyeuse bande de voix qui permettent déjà à de nombreux enfants dans le monde de parler - en anglais (britannique, américain, australien), français, allemand, norvégien, suédois et bilingue anglais américain/espagnol nord-américain.

Des voix qui facilitent la communication, l'interactivité, l'autonomie et l'engagement.

Les solutions CAA associées aux tablettes ont révolutionné le marché, permettant le développement d'approches très innovantes pour aider les personnes avec des besoins spécifiques de vivre de façon plus autonome. La synthèse de la parole développée par Acapela Group donne aux utilisateurs le moyen de mieux interagir et communiquer avec les personnes autour d'eux.

Les voix italiennes ont été développées en collaboration avec Helpicare, une société dédiée aux besoins spécifiques des personnes qui fournit des solutions CAA pour le marché italien et AssistiveWare, leader des applications CAA pour iOS.

Helpicare a apporté son expertise du marché italien et a été très impliquée dans le casting des voix et le process d'enregistrement contribuant activement à l'atteinte de nos objectifs de qualité.

AssistiveWare est quant à lui notre partenaire sur les voix d'enfants depuis la création des toutes premières voix anglaises. Les voix italiennes seront disponibles dans Infovox iVox, Proloquo4Text et Pictello dans le courant de l'année.

Toutes nos voix d'enfants ont des smileys vocaux spécifiques qui contribuent au résultat audio authentique, vivant et spontané.

Voici quelques examples de smileys vocaux utilises par Aurora et Alessio: Accidenti!, Buona giornata!, Che bello!, Davvero!, Esatto!, Favoloso!, Grazie!, Hai capito!, Imbecille!, Lascia perdere!, Mamma mia!, Oh mio Dio!, Perfetto!, Roba da matti!, Sbrigati!, Ti amo!, Vittoria!, ... Il y a aussi des rires, des soupirs, des sons spécifiques pour imiter un chien ou un chat, un singe, une abeille, un cheval, un train, des sirènes, etc.

Exemples de fichiers sons d'Aurora et Alessio

Aurora:

http://www.acapela-group.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/aurora_childrenvoice_italian.mp3

Alessio:

http://www.acapela-group.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/alessio_childrenvoice_italian.mp3

Plus d'informations

sur Helpicare: http://www.helpicare.com
sur AssistiveWare: http://www.assistiveware.com
sur Acapela Group: http://www.acapela-group.com

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Solutions vocales : Ciao! Voici Aurora et Alessio, les nouvelles voix d'enfants crées par Acapela Group pour donner une voix à chacun

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Lire le communiqué en Italien Pour la première fois, les enfants italiens qui vivent avec des problèmes de communication verbale vont avoir la possibilité d'exprimer leurs souhaits, leurs désirs et leurs besoins avec une voix qui leur ressemble. Pour de nombreux enfants et leurs entourages, cela représente un grand pas en avant.

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TEA IN THE PARK

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A full-length portrait of a young, dapper and confident Oscar Wilde, painted as a wedding present for his doomed marriage to Constance, is to be exhibited in the UK for the first time.

Tate Britain announced that the painting, which has been in Los Angeles since the 1920s, is to be a star of its 2017 show, Queer British Art 1861-1967.

The 1.85 metre (6ft) oil painting depicted Wilde as a slender 27-year-old on the cusp of success, the exhibition curator Clare Barlow said.

"His stance is confident, holding a pair of gloves in one hand while the other clasps a silver-topped cane. It presents a different, more sombre image to the one we are more familiar with," she said.

The portrait was painted by the US artist Robert Goodloe Harper Pennington and presented to Wilde and his wife, Constance, as a wedding present in 1884.

Unsurprisingly, Wilde loved it. It was the couple's most prized possession and hung above the fireplace in their Chelsea home during the good years.

Wilde was at the height of his fame and powers when, in April 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry, the father of Wilde's lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, or Bosie, accused Wilde of "posing as a sodomite".

Wilde took the catastrophic decision to sue, setting in train a sequence of events which led to a spirit-sapping jail term, hard labour and an early death.

During the trial, evidence was presented of Wilde's relationships with other men, causing the trial to collapse. On 25 May 1895 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment with hard labour in solitary confinement on the charge of gross indecency.

While awaiting trial, Wilde was declared bankrupt, meaning all his belongings, including the portrait, were sold at auction to pay his debts. Most of the belongings remain untraced but the portrait was bought by Wilde's friends Ernest and Ada Leverson.

The couple kept it in storage in their Kensington house, with Wilde remarking that Ernest "could not have [it] in his drawing room as it was obviously, on account of its subject, demoralising to young men, and possibly to young women, of advanced views".

The painting was later in the home of Wilde's former lover and lifelong friend Robert Ross. After his death it was sold to the US collector William Andrews Clark and has remained in the US ever since. It is being loaned to Tate Britain by the William Andrews Memorial Library, part of the University of California, Los Angeles.

The portrait will be displayed in London next to the door from Wilde's prison cell, c.3.3, in Reading jail.

It was behind this door that Wilde wrote De Profundis, his extended letter to Bosie which is considered one of the greatest letters in the English language, including lines such as: "Most people live for love and admiration. But it is by love and admiration that we should live."

The time in his cell also inspired The Ballad of Reading Gaol, which he wrote while in exile in France.

Wilde's spirit was broken by the brutal regime in Reading. He was released from jail sick, bankrupt, separated from his wife and unable to see his children. By 1900, at the age of 46, Wilde was dead.

Alex Farquharson, the director of Tate Britain, said it was wonderful to be able to display such an important portrait in Britain for the first time.

"It's an extraordinary image of Wilde on the brink of fame, before imprisonment destroyed his health and reputation. Viewing it next to the door of his jail cell will be a powerful experience that captures the triumph and tragedy of his career."

The Queer British Art show is being staged to mark the 50th anniversary of the decriminalisation of male homosexuality in England and Wales. It will present work from the abolition of the death penalty for sodomy in 1861 to the passing of the Sexual Offences Act in 1967.

The exhibition is expected to include works by David Hockney, John Singer Sargent, Francis Bacon, Dora Carrington, Ethel Sands and Keith Vaughan. It will also explore lesser known lives and stories, for example the ruination of the pre-Raphaelite Simeon Solomon who was spurned by his friends after being arrested in a public toilet.

* Queer British Art 1861-1967 will be at Tate Britain 5 April-1 October.
Topics

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Oscar Wilde portrait to have first UK exhibition

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A full-length portrait of a young, dapper and confident Oscar Wilde, painted as a wedding present for his doomed marriage to Constance, is to be exhibited in the UK for the first time. Tate Britain announced that the painting, which has been in Los Angeles since the 1920s, is to be a star of its 2017 show, Queer British Art 1861-1967.

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New Woman wash day 1901

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Election Day 1909

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David Suchet starring Lady Bracknell. 2015

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Miss Prism and
Cecily .  2002

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chararcters

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BUNBURY SCENE 2002

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The Importance of Being Earnest | 'Bunbury' (HD) | MIRAMAX

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In anticipation of Lady Augusta Bracknell and Gwendolen's arrival, Algernon promises to keep the true identity of Earnest a secret. In this scene: Algernon (Rupert Everett), Jack (Colin Firth), Lady Augusta Bracknell (Judi Dench), Gwendolen (Frances O'Connor) Subscribe to miramax: http://j.mp/1OjMfFU The Importance of Being Earnest: http://j.mp/2cHgZkR Drama: http://j.mp/2cR417O Romance: http://j.mp/2cHiOOT Comedy: http://j.mp/2cRh7lp About Miramax: Miramax is a global film and television studio best known for its highly acclaimed, original content.

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IF YOU WANT TO GO FURTHER

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TOP TEN NOTES

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Top 10 Notes: The Importance of Being Earnest

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INTERROGATION SCENE
FROM 1.47 MIN

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The Importance of Being Earnest (1952) - In-law interrogation

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FROM 2.04 MIN

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The Importance of Being Earnest (1986). Part 3 of 11

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Part 3. Joan Plowright, Paul McGann, Rupert Frazer, Amanda Redman, Natalie Ogle

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The Importance of Being Earnest _ 'Untruthful' (HD) _ MIRAMAX

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SONG SCENE

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bunbury  Act 1 Pt 2 cucumber... bunburry

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THE CIGARETTE CASE SCENE

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The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) - Cigarette Case

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TRAILER AND SCENES

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A comedy is a play with a happy ending that makes the audience laugh. A comedy of manner is a type of comedy that deals with behaviour. It makes fun of the follies, vanities, hypocrisies and weaknesses of people using satire. In other words, a comedy of manners gives a satirical portrayal of the behaviour of a certain group of people.

What is Comedy of Manners

Although many people believe that comedy of manner was invented in the invented in the 18 th century, it had been used by Roman satirist many centuries ago. However, the French playwright Moliere is the best-known playwright for the comedy of manner. His popular plays like L'École des femmes, Le Misanthrope and Tartuffe satirize the hypocrisy of the aristocratic class.

In English literature, the comedy of manner became popular in the Restoration period. In fact, the term restoration comedy is sometimes used as a synonym for comedy of manner.

Themes

Comedy of manners often satirized the middle and upper classes of people, i.e., the very audience that watched these comedies. These comedies often targeted the sophisticated and complex code of conduct in the society which gave more importance to appearance and outward behaviour, rather than true moral characteristics. Lust, greed, materialistic nature of people, gossip and rumours, hypocritical nature and false pretensions of the people were common subjects of the comedy of manners. Areas such as marriage, love, adultery, fortune hunting were also portrayed in these plays.

Characteristics

Comedy of manners relies upon high comedy. A playwright requires sophisticated wit and talent to write a comedy of manners. These comedies often used minimal physical action. Heavy use of witty dialogue was the hallmark of comedy of manners. Comedy of manners is the opposite of slapstick plays which rely upon physical actions and mimicry to evoke laughter.

The characters in comedy of manners also have little depth since playwrights often use stereotypical stock characters such the hypocrite, schemer, fool, jealous husband, and interfering old parents.

Examples

Much Ado about Nothing by William Shakespeare can be considered the first comedy of manners in England. William Wycherley's The Country Wife, with William Congreve's The Way of the World, Oliver Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for Scandal and The Rivals are some examples of comedy of manners. Oscar Wilde's L ady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest are also comedies of manners although they were written int the 19 th century.
Image Courtesy:
"467375960 blb 3666-5(rev 0)" By CHSTheatre - Own work (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia

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What is Comedy of Manners | Themes, Characteristics, Examples

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A comedy is a play with a happy ending that makes the audience laugh. A comedy of manner is a type of comedy that deals with behaviour. It makes fun of the follies, vanities, hypocrisies and weaknesses of people using satire.

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- comedy of manners: comédie de moeurs

- schemer: comploteur, intriguant

- playwright: dramaturge

- stock character: personnage type

- fool: imbécile

- quip: boutade , bon mot

- to shilly-shally: tergiverser
- to shape : façonner,
- to earn: gagner ( de l'argent)
- burdensome: fastidieux, pénible
- duties: devoirs
- double entendre: double sens
- quid pro quo
- rampant: omniprésent, galopant

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QUESTIONS TEAM 4

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QUESTIONS TEAM 5

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- les titres des questions renvoient aux onglets où vous trouverez les réponses
- vous pouvez aussi tapez le titre dans le moteur de recherche pour arriver directement au bon onglet
- toutes les réponses se trouvent sur la sitographie indiquée , il est inutile d'ouvrir d'autres sites

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QUESTIONS TEAM 2

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AN IDEAL HUSBAND TRAILER

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Trailer to the 1999 film "An Ideal Husband", based on the Oscar Wilde play of the same name. Starring Jeremy Northam , Cate Blanchett, Minnie Driver, Julianne Moore and Rupert Everett.

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DORIAN GRAY TRAILER

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analyze a picture

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QUESTIONS TEAM 4
...only if the 1st site does not work....

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if the first website doesn't play the video, watch this  from 1.45 to 4.0..

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The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) - Trailer

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Original Trailer of the movie, based on the well known comedy by Oscar Wilde "The Importance of Being Earnest" The plot revolves around two men in Edwardian England, John (Jack) Worthing and Algernon (Algy) Moncrieff. Whenever Jack travels to London from his Hertfordshire estate he says he is going to see his (fictitious) wayward brother Ernest.

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SECOND TASK:
ANALYZE A PICTURE

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- DOWNLOAD YOUR FILE
- ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND SAVE A COPY
- THEN POST IT ON THE PADLET: double click anywhere on the padlet, select an attachment , click on choose a file and OK

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QUESTIONS TEAM 1

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PLOT AND CHARACTERS

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SparkNotes: The Importance of Being Earnest: How to Cite This SparkNote

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SparkNotes Editors. (2004). SparkNote on The Importance of Being Earnest. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/earnest/

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PLOT AND CHARACTERS

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Characters

Jack Worthing
A young gentleman from the country, in love with Gwendolen Fairfax.

Algernon Moncrieff
A young gentleman from London, the nephew of Lady Bracknell, in love with Cecily Cardew.

Gwendolen Fairfax
A young lady, loved by Jack Worthing.

Lady Bracknell
A society lady, Gwendolen's mother.

Cecily Cardew
A young lady, the ward of Jack Worthing.

Miss Prism
Cecily's governess

The Reverend Canon Chasuble
The priest of Jack's parish

Lane
Algernon's butler

Merriman
Jack's servant.

Plot summary

Jack and Algernon are wealthy gentlemen. Jack (known to Algernon as Ernest) lives a respectable life in the country providing an example to his young ward Cecily. Algernon lives in luxury in London and has invented an imaginary invalid friend (Bunbury) whom he visits in the country whenever an unappealing social engagement presents itself. Jack has also invented a character - a wayward younger brother called Ernest whom he uses as pretext for going up to London and enjoying himself.

Jack wants to marry Algernon's cousin Gwendolen, but must first convince her mother, Lady Bracknell, of the respectability of his parents. For Jack, having been abandoned in a handbag at Victoria station, this is quite a difficult task.

Algernon visits Jack's house in the country and introduces himself to Cecily as Ernest, knowing that Cecily is already fascinated by tales of Ernest's wickedness. He further wins her over and they become engaged. Shortly after, Jack arrives home announcing Ernest's death. This sets off a series of farcical events. Cecily and Gwendolen have a genteel stand-off over which of them has a prior claim on 'Ernest'. Jack and Algernon vie to be christened Ernest. Eventually, Jack discovers that his parents were Lady Bracknell's sister and brother-in-law and that he is, in fact, Algernon's older brother, called Ernest. The two sets of lovers are thus free to marry.

During these events the characters of Canon Chasuble and Cecily's governess Miss Prism have also fallen in love, and in the best tradition of the well-made play the story ends with all the loose ends tied up and everyone set to live happily ever after.

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'The Importance of Being Earnest': Characters & plot

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Characters Jack Worthing A young gentleman from the country, in love with Gwendolen Fairfax. Algernon Moncrieff A young gentleman from London, the nephew of Lady Bracknell, in love with Cecily Cardew. Gwendolen Fairfax A young lady, loved by Jack Worthing. Lady Bracknell A society lady, Gwendolen's mother.

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QUESTIONS TEAM 3

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COMEDY OF MANNERS

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A comedy is a play with a happy ending that makes the audience laugh. A comedy of manner is a type of comedy that deals with behaviour. It makes fun of the follies, vanities, hypocrisies and weaknesses of people using satire. In other words, a comedy of manners gives a satirical portrayal of the behaviour of a certain group of people.

What is Comedy of Manners

Although many people believe that comedy of manner was invented in the invented in the 18 th century, it had been used by Roman satirist many centuries ago. However, the French playwright Moliere is the best-known playwright for the comedy of manner. His popular plays like L'École des femmes, Le Misanthrope and Tartuffe satirize the hypocrisy of the aristocratic class.

In English literature, the comedy of manner became popular in the Restoration period. In fact, the term restoration comedy is sometimes used as a synonym for comedy of manner.

Themes

Comedy of manners often satirized the middle and upper classes of people, i.e., the very audience that watched these comedies. These comedies often targeted the sophisticated and complex code of conduct in the society which gave more importance to appearance and outward behaviour, rather than true moral characteristics. Lust, greed, materialistic nature of people, gossip and rumours, hypocritical nature and false pretensions of the people were common subjects of the comedy of manners. Areas such as marriage, love, adultery, fortune hunting were also portrayed in these plays.

Characteristics

Comedy of manners relies upon high comedy. A playwright requires sophisticated wit and talent to write a comedy of manners. These comedies often used minimal physical action. Heavy use of witty dialogue was the hallmark of comedy of manners. Comedy of manners is the opposite of slapstick plays which rely upon physical actions and mimicry to evoke laughter.

The characters in comedy of manners also have little depth since playwrights often use stereotypical stock characters such the hypocrite, schemer, fool, jealous husband, and interfering old parents.

Examples

Much Ado about Nothing by William Shakespeare can be considered the first comedy of manners in England. William Wycherley's The Country Wife, with William Congreve's The Way of the World, Oliver Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for Scandal and The Rivals are some examples of comedy of manners. Oscar Wilde's L ady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Earnest are also comedies of manners although they were written int the 19 th century.
Image Courtesy:
"467375960 blb 3666-5(rev 0)" By CHSTheatre - Own work (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia

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What is Comedy of Manners | Themes, Characteristics, Examples

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A comedy is a play with a happy ending that makes the audience laugh. A comedy of manner is a type of comedy that deals with behaviour. It makes fun of the follies, vanities, hypocrisies and weaknesses of people using satire.

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THEATRE AND COMEDY

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Victorian Theatre and Society - 1876 Victorian England Revisited

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Throughout history, the popularity and the genre of theatre was affected by what was happening economically, socially and culturally outside of the theatre. This holds true for Victorian theatre as well.

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THE AUTHOR

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VICTORIAN ERA
- social class structure
- role of women
- courtship and marriage

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TEAM 1 POSTERS

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There are many subjects and pages so focus on yours. Use them as keywords for your search

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The Victorian period is also regarded as the era of Romanticism. In those days, courtship was considered to be a tradition and was very popular. Queen Victoria and her family were the idols of the Victorian society, even in the case of courtship. The society had laid down some stringent rules for courting and these had to be followed.

Social rules in the victorian era

The primary method of knowing prospective suitors were Balls and dances. Society would know young Victorian ladies through a ball or dance. This was called "coming out" and was an indication that a young woman was interested in finding potential suitors.

During Victorian era, a couple which dated would normally get married. After marriage, the property of the woman was automatically transferred to her husband. The Victorian girls, from the very beginning, were well trained and groomed to become the perfect wives and mothers.

A woman was never permitted to go out alone and meet a gentleman. She was always accompanied by some elderly person and it was necessary for the girl to take her mother's permission before going out. Thus, some or the other kind of supervision was ensured when the couples were meeting.

A woman was never allowed to go out at night with a gentleman. There were many rules in respect of dating which were to be complied with.

Some of the rules of victorian courting

1. A single woman never addressed a gentleman without an introduction.

2. No impure conversations were held in front of single women.

3. A woman could not receive a man at home if she was alone. Another family member had to be present in the room.

4. There was no physical contact between the woman and the gentleman until marriage.

5. Victorian etiquette for men courting dictated that a man could offer the girl his hand if the road was uneven. That was the only touch, which was accepted between a man and a woman, who was not engaged to him.

6. A woman was allowed some liberties, however. She could flirt with her fan, as this behavior was within the protocol of accepted behavior.

7. An unmarried girl would never date a man at the night. A man could not stay for long in a girl's home. This was considered extremely impolite.

8. Even if the girl entered the stage of courtship, she could never walk with the gentleman.

9. Women were restrained to ride alone in the closed carriage with a man, expect for a close relative.

10. The girl should not be invited by any gentleman at his place.

11. If engaged, the gentleman could not turn back to see any other girl.

12. Even after an engagement, the couple was not allowed to have sexual behavior.

13. In the relationship, intelligence was not at all required, neither any interest in the politics.

Victorian era marriage customs
Step 1 - courtship
The Victorian people were very cautious about courtships. The dating would firstly begin when the couple would speak to one another. The next step was to go out for a walk and then lastly by keeping company. The upper class socialized at social events while the lowers classes socialized at events like Sunday Service or Church suppers.
Step 2 - engagement
After the couple had developed mutual affection, the next step to strengthen their relation was marriage. The second stage of the courtship was engagement. After getting engaged, the couple could get hold hands in public, go for walks alone, and take unchaperoned rides.

The engaged couple was allowed to meet behind closed doors but had to be dutifully separated by nightfall. The men while dating a woman were discreet to never break an engagement as it tarnished the woman's reputation.
Step 3 - marriage
In Victorian courtships, marriage was the final stage. However, marriage between two persons was permitted so long the couple intending to marry belonged to the same class. After marriage, the woman played the role of a dutiful wife and mother. The dating during the Victorian period was thus very different from what it is today.

Victorian courtship gifts

As you might expect, there were many rules regarding courtship during the Victorian era.

A lady who maintained the rigid strictures of Victorian society wasn't allowed to accept lavish or expensive gifts at the hands of a gentleman not related or engaged to her.

According to one etiquette expert of the 1870s - 1890s, Professor Thomas E. Hill, there were four items she could accept from a gentleman while still maintaining propriety.
Books, confectionery, flowers, sheet music.
Usually, gentlemen were not supposed to give gifts to ladies unless that lady was their fiancée or a relative. Even then, as per Mrs. Houghton:

"A costly gift from a gentleman to a young lady would be indelicate, as having the appearance of a bribe upon her affections."

Instead, etiquette demanded that a gentleman gifts flowers, fruit, or candy. These gifts were perishable and therefore left no obligation upon the lady receiving them.

Christmas gifts

Extract from 1879 edition of Harper's Bazaar

"Gentlemen do not care for the pretty trifles and decorations that delight ladies; and as for real necessities, they are apt to go and buy anything that is a convenience just as soon as it is discovered."

However, as a general rule, smoking caps, sleeping caps, and house slippers were popular gifts for gentlemen relations, as were handkerchiefs and tobacco pouches.

Books about courtship etiquettes

Several books were published explaining the rules of etiquette to both genders. Here are names of some of those:

Godey's Lady Book, Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, Manners for Men by Mrs. C.E. Humphry, The Laws of Etiquette: or, short rules and reflections for conduct in society, by a gentleman, and Manners and Social Usages.

These books explained several rules for social behavior and those in the Victorian times closely practiced them.

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Victorian era courtship rules and marriage facts

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The Victorian period is also regarded as the era of Romanticism. In those days, courtship was considered to be a tradition and was very popular. Queen Victoria and her family were the idols of the Victorian society, even in the case of courtship.

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Quick Facts
"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.""I can resist everything except temptation.""America had often been discovered before Columbus, but it had always been hushed up."

Name

Oscar Wilde

Birth Date

October 16, 1854

Death Date

November 30, 1900

Education

Portora Royal School , Magdalen College, Trinity College

Place of Birth

Dublin, Ireland

Place of Death

Paris, France

Full Name

Oscar Wilde

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde

Who Was Oscar Wilde?

Author, playwright and poet Oscar Wilde was a popular literary figure in late Victorian England. After graduating from Oxford University, he lectured as a poet, art critic and a leading proponent of the principles of aestheticism. In 1891, he published The Picture of Dorian Gray, his only novel which was panned as immoral by Victorian critics, but is now considered one of his most notable works. As a dramatist, many of Wilde's plays were well received including his satirical comedies Lady Windermere's Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), his most famous play. Unconventional in his writing and life, Wilde's affair with a young man led to his arrest on charges of "gross indecency" in 1895. He was imprisoned for two years and died in poverty three years after his release at the age of 46.

Early Life and Education

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854, in Dublin, Ireland. His father, William Wilde, was an acclaimed doctor who was knighted for his work as a medical advisor for the Irish censuses. William later founded St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, entirely at his own personal expense, to treat the city's poor. Wilde's mother, Jane Francesca Elgee, was a poet who was closely associated with the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, a skilled linguist whose acclaimed English translation of Pomeranian novelist Wilhelm Meinhold's Sidonia the Sorceress had a deep influence on her son's later writing.

Wilde was a bright and bookish child. He attended the Portora Royal School at Enniskillen where he fell in love with Greek and Roman studies. He won the school's prize for the top classics student in each of his last two years, as well as second prize in drawing during his final year. Upon graduating in 1871, Wilde was awarded the Royal School Scholarship to attend Trinity College in Dublin. At the end of his first year at Trinity, in 1872, he placed first in the school's classics examination and received the college's Foundation Scholarship, the highest honor awarded to undergraduates.

Upon his graduation in 1874, Wilde received the Berkeley Gold Medal as Trinity's best student in Greek, as well as the Demyship scholarship for further study at Magdalen College in Oxford. At Oxford, Wilde continued to excel academically, receiving first class marks from his examiners in both classics and classical moderations. It was also at Oxford that Wilde made his first sustained attempts at creative writing. In 1878, the year of his graduation, his poem "Ravenna" won the Newdigate Prize for the best English verse composition by an Oxford undergraduate.

Career Beginnings

Upon graduating from Oxford, Wilde moved to London to live with his friend, Frank Miles, a popular portraitist among London's high society. There, he continued to focus on writing poetry, publishing his first collection, Poems, in 1881. While the book received only modest critical praise, it nevertheless established Wilde as an up-and-coming writer. The next year, in 1882, Wilde traveled from London to New York City to embark on an American lecture tour, for which he delivered a staggering 140 lectures in just nine months.

While not lecturing, he managed to meet with some of the leading American scholars and literary figures of the day, including Henry Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Walt Whitman. Wilde especially admired Whitman. "There is no one in this wide great world of America whom I love and honor so much,'' he later wrote to his idol.

Upon the conclusion of his American tour, Wilde returned home and immediately commenced another lecture circuit of England and Ireland that lasted until the middle of 1884. Through his lectures, as well as his early poetry, Wilde established himself as a leading proponent of the aesthetic movement, a theory of art and literature that emphasized the pursuit of beauty for its own sake, rather than to promote any political or social viewpoint.

On May 29, 1884, Wilde married a wealthy Englishwoman named Constance Lloyd. They had two sons: Cyril, born in 1885, and Vyvyan, born in 1886. A year after his wedding, Wilde was hired to run Lady's World, a once-popular English magazine that had recently fallen out of fashion. During his two years editing Lady's World, Wilde revitalized the magazine by expanding its coverage to "deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think and what they feel. The Lady's World," wrote Wilde, "should be made the recognized organ for the expression of women's opinions on all subjects of literature, art and modern life, and yet it should be a magazine that men could read with pleasure."

Acclaimed Works

Beginning in 1888, while he was still serving as editor of Lady's World, Wilde entered a seven-year period of furious creativity, during which he produced nearly all of his great literary works. In 1888, seven years after he wrote Poems, Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a collection of children's stories. In 1891, he published Intentions, an essay collection arguing the tenets of aestheticism, and that same year, he published his first and only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. The novel is a cautionary tale about a beautiful young man, Dorian Gray, who wishes (and receives his wish) that his portrait ages while he remains youthful and lives a life of sin and pleasure.

Photo: Universal History Archive/Getty Images

Though the novel is now revered as a great and classic work, at the time critics were outraged by the book's apparent lack of morality. Wilde vehemently defended himself in a preface to the novel, considered one of the great testaments to aestheticism, in which he wrote, "an ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style" and "vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art."

Wilde's first play, Lady Windermere's Fan, opened in February 1892 to widespread popularity and critical acclaim, encouraging Wilde to adopt playwriting as his primary literary form. Over the next few years, Wilde produced several great plays-witty, highly satirical comedies of manners that nevertheless contained dark and serious undertones. His most notable plays were A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), his most famous play.

Personal Life and Prison Sentence

Around the same time that he was enjoying his greatest literary success, Wilde commenced an affair with a young man named Lord Alfred Douglas. On February 18, 1895, Douglas's father, the Marquis of Queensberry, who had gotten wind of the affair, left a calling card at Wilde's home addressed to "Oscar Wilde: Posing Somdomite," a misspelling of sodomite. Although Wilde's homosexuality was something of an open secret, he was so outraged by Queensberry's note that he sued him for libel. The decision ruined his life.

When the trial began in March, Queensberry and his lawyers presented evidence of Wilde's homosexuality-homoerotic passages from his literary works, as well as his love letters to Douglas-that quickly resulted in the dismissal of Wilde's libel case and his arrest on charges of "gross indecency." Wilde was convicted on May 25, 1895, and sentenced to two years in prison.

Wilde emerged from prison in 1897, physically depleted, emotionally exhausted and flat broke. He went into exile in France, where, living in cheap hotels and friends' apartments, he briefly reunited with Douglas. Wilde wrote very little during these last years; his only notable work was a poem he completed in 1898 about his experiences in prison, "The Ballad of Reading Gaol."

Death and Legacy

Wilde died of meningitis on November 30, 1900, at the age of 46. More than a century after his death, Wilde is still better remembered for his personal life-his exuberant personality, consummate wit and infamous imprisonment for homosexuality-than for his literary accomplishments. Nevertheless, his witty, imaginative and undeniably beautiful works, in particular his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and his play The Importance of Being Earnest, are considered among the great literary masterpieces of the late Victorian period.

Throughout his entire life, Wilde remained deeply committed to the principles of aestheticism, principles that he expounded through his lectures and demonstrated through his works as well as anyone of his era. "All art is at once surface and symbol," Wilde wrote in the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray. "Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors. Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex and vital."

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST