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Strategic materials played a critical role in World War II, in both the desire to launch the War and in the ability to wage an extended conflict. Only one country at the outbreak of World War II had the industrial and agricultural capacity as well as the resource base to wage world war and that was the United States which had no desire to wage another world war.

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During World War II (1939-45), the United States and Great Britain issued a joint declaration in August 1941 that set out a vision for the postwar world. In January 1942, a group of 26 Allied nations pledged their support for this declaration, known as the Atlantic Charter. The document is considered one of the first key steps toward the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.

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President Roosevelt developed the hemispheric defense zone, which declared the entire western half of the Atlantic as part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral. This allowed Roosevelt to order the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic Ocean and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.

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Proposed in late 1940 and passed in March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II. It authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to “the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.” By allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation to Britain, China, the Soviet Union and other countries, the act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle.

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Winston Churchill (1874-1965) served as the prime minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. He led Britain's fight against Nazi Germany in World War II. Churchill was a talented orator, giving many stirring speeches to boost national morale during the war.

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A German term for “lightning war,” blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.

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Neville Chamberlain was the British prime minister who believed in appeasement. In 1938, Germans living in the border areas of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) started to demand a union with Hitler's Germany. The Czechs refused. Hitler threatened war.

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The Munich Conference was a conference held in Munich on September 28--29, 1938, during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. The Munich Conference came as a result of a long series of negotiations. Adolf Hitler had demanded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain tried to talk him out of it.

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Anschluss was the Nazi propaganda term for the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. The Anschluss stands in contrast to the Anschluss movement  Also, in 1919 by Austria, Anschluss with Germany remained a hope during 1919–33, after which Hitler’s rise to power made it less attractive.

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Axis powers, the coalition headed by Germany, Italy and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War ll. The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, followed by the proclamation of an “axis” binding Rome and Berlin with the two powers claiming that the world would henceforth rotate on the Rome-Berlin axis.

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Between 1935 and 1937, Congress passed three separate neutrality laws that clamped an embargo on arms sales to belligerents, forbade American ships from entering war zones and prohibited them from being armed, and barred Americans from traveling on belligerent ships.

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Hirohito was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He took over at a time of rising democratic sentiment, but his country soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism. During World War II, Japan attacked nearly all of its Asian neighbors, allied itself with Nazi Germany and launched a surprise assault on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. Though Hirohito later portrayed himself as a virtually powerless constitutional monarch, many scholars have come to believe he played an active role in the war effort. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, he became a figurehead with no political power.

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Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He initiated World War II and oversaw fascist policies that resulted in millions of deaths. His establishment of concentration camps to inter Jews and other groups he believed to be a threat to Aryan supremacy resulted in the death of more than 6 million people in the Holocaust.

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Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. He became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man.

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In the 1920s and 1930s, a worldwide economic depression caused many people to lose faith in democracy and capitalism. Extreme ideals arose. Communists celebrated what they saw as the failure of capitalism. Strong leaders arose who supported intense nationalism, militarism, and a return to authoritarian rule. Fascism emerged in Germany and Italy.

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Benito Mussolini a Italian dictator, rose to power in World War I as a leading proponent of Facism. He forged the paramilitary Fascist movement in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922. Mussolini’s military expenditures in Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Albania made Italy predominant in the Mediterranean region, though they exhausted his armed forces by the late 1930s. Mussolini allied himself with Hitler, relying on the German dictator to prop up his leadership during World War II.

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A Safety net in the 1920's and todays world is a combination of programs that have responded to national concerns throughout the twentieth century. The programs include social insurance initiatives, designed to assist all individuals who have paid into the system, such as Social Security, and means tested programs targeted to individuals or families based on economic need.

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In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act. Press photographers snapped pictures as FDR, flanked by ranking members of Congress, signed into law the historic act, which guaranteed an income for the unemployed and retirees. FDR commended Congress for what he considered to be a “patriotic” act.

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Deficit Spending is spending money the government doesn't have, and is only credible on the fact that the government promises to pay it back later. Franklin D Roosevelt used it to fund his New Deal programs so that unemployment would shrink and the economy would get back on its feet.

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt would lead his nation through two of the greatest crises in its history—the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. From March 1933 to June 1944, Roosevelt addressed the American people in some 30 speeches broadcast via radio, speaking on a variety of topics from banking to unemployment to fighting fascism in Europe. Millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, which became known as the “fireside chats.”

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The first Hundred Days of FDR's presidency was extremely important to the new Democrat President and the nation. In the first Hundred Days of FDR's presidency many new laws were passed including the Emergency Banking Relief Act, the Glass-Steagall Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Securities Act of 1933. The bills enabled new relief programs and 'alphabet soup agencies' to be established such as the AAA, CCC, PWA, NRA, FERA, TVA, SEC, FCS and the FDIC.

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March of 1933, when the  new president, Franklin D Roosevelt was inaugurated, banks in all of the 48 states had either closed or had placed restrictions on how much money depositors could withdraw. FDR's first act as President was to declare a national "bank holiday" – closing the banks for a three-day cooling off period.

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The New Deal was a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term  of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

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In May of 1924, 15,000 veterans and many angry unemployed people, descended to Washington, D.C. to demand immediate payment of their bonus money. They proclaimed themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force but the public called them the "Bonus Army."

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Foreclosure is the legal process that banks use to get back some of the money they loaned when a borrower can't repay the loan. During the 20s, there were thousands of foreclosures due to many farmers borrowing money from banks to buy more land or new machinery. After the stock market crash, few people had the money to buy land, and so land values plummeted. The banks couldn't make up the difference, so they'd would take all of the assets pledged to the loan. Families were often thrown off their farms and lost everything.

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Public Works Administration in U.S. history, New Deal government agency (1933–1939) was designed to reduce unemployment and increase purchasing power through the construction of highways and public buildings. Authorized by the National Industrial Recovery Act, the agency was set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the U.S. and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. It was a severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion.

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A bank run occurs when a large number of customers of a bank withdraw their deposits simultaneously due to concerns about the bank's solvency. As more people withdraw their funds, the probability of default increases, thereby prompting more people to withdraw their deposits. In extreme cases, the bank's reserves may not be sufficient to cover the withdrawals.

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Black Tuesday refers to October 29, 1929, when panicked sellers traded nearly 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange and the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell -12%. Black Tuesday is often cited as the beginning of the Great Depression.

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Speculation before the great depression, led to falsely high stock prices, and when the stock market began to tumble in the months leading up to the October 1929 crash, speculative investors couldn’t make their margin calls, and a massive sell-off began.

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Margin calls played a role in the Great Depression. Speculators used leverage to play the market. A margin call typically arises when an investor borrows money from a broker to make investments. When an investor uses margin to buy or sell securities, he pays for them using a combination of his own funds and borrowed money from a broker.

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Buying on margin became so popular that by the late 1920s, "ninety percent of the purchase price of the stock was being made with borrowed money." Not only that ... the U.S. economy had come to depend on that activity. Before the crash, nearly forty cents of every dollar loaned in America was used to buy stocks.

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A bull market is a period in the stock market when investment prices are rising faster than average. In a bull market, investor confidence and investment increases. Bull markets generally coincide with periods of robust economic growth, when people are more attracted to the stock market due to higher earnings.

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The stock market crash of 1929 was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, but it did act to accelerate the global economic collapse of which it was also a symptom. By 1933, nearly half of America's banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people, or 30 percent of the workforce.

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Marcus Garvey became a leader in the black nationalist movement by applying the economic ideas of Pan-Africanists to the immense resources available in urban centers. In 1916, he founded the Negro World newspaper, an international shipping company called Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation. During the 1920s, his UNIA was the largest secular organization in African-American history. Indicted for mail fraud by the U.S. Justice Department in 1923, he spent two years in prison.

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In the 1920s to the mid-1930s, the Harlem Renaissance was a literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that kindled a new black cultural identity. Its essence was summed up by critic and teacher Alain Locke in 1926 when he declared that through art, “Negro life is seizing its first chances for group expression and self determination.” Harlem became the center of a “spiritual coming of age”

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The great migration in 1917 consisted of black, southern rural farm laborers moving northward and westward in search of higher wages in industrial jobs and better social and political opportunities. This Great Migration led to the rapid growth of black urban communities in cities like New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Los Angeles.

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Speakeasies were hidden sections of an establishment that were used to illegally sell alcoholic beverages during Prohibition. Some speakeasies were similar to today’s clubs, as there was singing and jazz performances. To enter a speakeasy, one would need to say a password to the doorperson so that the doorperson would know whether or not they were really secret agents.

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During the 1920s, fundamentalists waged a war against modernism. The rise of Fundamentalism began as a reaction to liberal and progressive views held by Americans in the mid-19th century. One view they reject, held by scholars who employ the methods of biblical criticism

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In 1924 National Origins Act that is a law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

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In the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 , Congress passed a new type of immigration law. It limited the number of immigrants entering the United States in any one year to 3 percent of the size of each nationality group that had been living in the United States in 1910.

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Nativism is the political position of supporting a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. According to Fetzer, opposition to immigration is common in many countries because of issues of national, cultural, and religious identity. It was studied in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, as well as Europe in recent years, where immigration is seen as lowering the wages of the natives.

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In 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. An assembly line is a manufactures process in which parts are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.

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Mass production is the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. Mass production refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently and typically characterized by some type of mechanization, as with an assembly line, to achieve high volume, the detailed organization of materials flow, careful control of quality standards and division of labor.

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In 1928 a international agreement called Kellogg-Briand Pact, made signatory states promise not to use war to resolve any conflict and have it arise among them.

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Supply-side economics is a theory that argues economical growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services. It was also created by Mundell during the great depression.

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The Teapot Dome Scandal was a pay off occurrence that occurred in the United States from 1921 to 1922, amid the organization of President Warren G. Harding. The Teapot Dome was viewed as the "best and most breathtaking outrage ever". The outrage harmed the general population of the Harding organization, which was at that point seriously decreased by its disputable treatment of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and the President's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922.