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The learner mainly gave wrong answers on purpose, and for each mistake the teacher gave him an electric shock.

If the teacher refused to administer the shock the experiment was to give a number of orders to ensure they continued with the experiment.

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The teacher was told to administer an electric shock every time the learner made a mistake,  increasing the level of shock each time. On the shock generator it marked from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger- severe shock).

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The learner was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the "teacher" tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices

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The experiment took place in two rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used - one for the learner (with an electric chair) and another for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.

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Volunteers were recruited for a lab experiment. The participants were 40 males, aged between 20 50. Their jobs ranged from unskilled to professional. They were paid $4.50 for just turning up.

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65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts.

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Milgram's experiment was biased all participants taken part in the study where males.

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Milgram explained the behaviour of his participants by suggesting that people actually have two states of behaviour when they are in a social situation:

1. The autonomous state – people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the results of those actions.

2. The argentic state – people allow others to direct their actions, and then pass off the responsibility for the consequences to the person giving the orders. In other words, they act as agents for another person’s will.

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Milgram suggested that two things must be in place in order for a person to enter the agentic state:

1.The person giving the orders is perceived as being qualified to direct other people’s behavior. That is, they are seen as legitimate.
2. The person being ordered about is able to believe that the authority will accept responsibility for what happens.

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Milgram (1963) was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.

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Milgram started his experiments  shortly after the trial of the World War II criminal Adolph Eichmann had begun. Eichmann’s defence that he was merely following instructions when he ordered the deaths of millions of Jews roused Milgram’s interest.

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"The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act." –Stanley Milgram, 1974

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Milgram wanted to investigate whether Germans were particularly obedient to authority figures as this was a common explanation for the Nazi killings in World War II.

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One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram in the 1960's