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C.V. RAMAN
NAME : Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
BORN : 7 November 1888
DIED : 21 November 1970
NATIONALITY :
FIELDS :light scattering

1.He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon, subsequently known as Raman scattering, results from the Raman effect.
2. In 1954, India honoured him with its highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.
3.  It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light.
4. Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930
5  C. V. Raman discovered that when light interacts with a molecule the light can donate a small amount of energy to the molecule. As a result of this, the light changes its color and the molecule vibrates. The change of color can act as a ‘fingerprint’ for the molecule.
6. Raman spectroscopy, which relies on these ‘fingerprints,’ is used in laboratories all over the world to identify molecules and to analyze living cells and tissues to detect diseases such as cancer.
7.Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities.
8.He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
9.. He also investigated the propagation of sound in whispering galleries.
10. Raman and his student, Nagendra Nath, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory. 11.Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.
12. In 1948, Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics.
13. Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka, a year later.

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Name:Satyendra  Nath Bose
Born:  1 January 1894

Died: 4 February 1974 (aged 80)

Nationality: Indian

Fields: Physics and Mathematics

-He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics

-Providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics

-Providing the foundation the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate

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SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR
Born : 19 Oct 1910
Died : 21 Aug 1995
Field : astrophysics
Institutions : University of Chicago & University of Cambridge

>>Nobel Prize for Physics (1983)

1. for his theoretical studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars.
2. also developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white drawrf stars.
>> he showed the mass of white drawrf could not exceed 1.44 times of the sun. (THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT)
3. he developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics.

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MODERN EUROPEAN.        Werner Heisenberg- in full Werner Karl Heisenberg.                -Born in December 1901 in Germany.        - Study physics in University of Munich and Earned doctorate in 1923,                        -became assistant to Max Born at University of Gottingen.                      - German physicist and philosopher who discovered (1925) a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices. For that discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932.        .- contributed to atomic theory by including quantum mechanics.                 -theories of hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays & subatomic particles-discovered allotropic forms of hydrogen.     -discovered Uncertainty Principle in 1927.  (States  that determining the position and momentum of particles necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant.                        -Principle scientist in German nuclear energy during World War ll

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MODERN EUROPEAN.        Werner Heisenberg- in full Werner Karl Heisenberg.                -Born in December 1901 in Germany.        - Study physics in University of Munich and Earned doctorate in 1923,                        -became assistant to Max Born at University of Gottingen.                      - German physicist and philosopher who discovered (1925) a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices. For that discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932.        .- contributed to atomic theory by including quantum mechanics.                 -theories of hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays & subatomic particles-discovered allotropic forms of hydrogen.     -discovered Uncertainty Principle in 1927.  (States  that determining the position and momentum of particles necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant.                        -Principle scientist in German nuclear energy during World War ll

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-Died in 1976 because of cancer

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Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. -Born	22 September 1791 at Newington Butts, England and Died	25 August 1867 (aged 75).His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.Known for	Faraday's law of induction Electrochemistry Faraday effect Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday cup Faraday's laws of electrolysis Faraday paradox Faraday rotator Faraday-efficiency effect Faraday wave Faraday wheel Lines of force Influences	Humphry DavyWilliam Thomas BrandeNotable awards	Royal Medal (1835 and 1846)Copley Medal (1832 and 1838)Rumford Medal (1846)Albert Medal (1866)

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Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. -Born	22 September 1791 at Newington Butts, England and Died	25 August 1867 (aged 75).His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.Known for	Faraday's law of induction Electrochemistry Faraday effect Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday cup Faraday's laws of electrolysis Faraday paradox Faraday rotator Faraday-efficiency effect Faraday wave Faraday wheel Lines of force Influences	Humphry DavyWilliam Thomas BrandeNotable awards	Royal Medal (1835 and 1846)Copley Medal (1832 and 1838)Rumford Medal (1846)Albert Medal (1866)

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CHIEN-SHIUNG WU
-Born | May 31, 1912
-Liuhe, Taicang, Jiangsu, China

-Died | February 16, 1997 (aged 84)

-Fields | Physics

-Institutions |
Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica

-University of California at Berkeley

-Smith College

-Princeton University

-Columbia University

-Zhejiang University

Alma mater
National Central University,Nanjing, China

-University of California at Berkeley

-Thesis |
The Continuous X-Rays Excited by the Beta-Particles of 32

-P. II. Radioactive Xenons (1940)

-Doctoral advisor
| Ernest Lawrence

-Known for | Manhattan Project Parity violation Beta decay

-Notable awards | Comstock Prize in Physics (1964)Bonner Prize (1975)National Medal of Science (1975)Wolf Prize in Physics (1978)

Chien-Shiung Wu born May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese American experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium metal into uranium-235 and uranium-238isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity. This discovery resulted in her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang winning the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics, and also earned Wu the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. Her expertise in experimental physics evoked comparisons to Marie Curie. Her nicknames include "the First Lady of Physics", "the Chinese Madame Curie", and the "Queen of Nuclear Research".

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Al Jazari
Fullname:Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī
Title: Al Jazari
Born:1136 CE
Died:1206 CE
Era:Islam Golden Age
Religion:Islam

-Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, Arabic: ‫بديع الزمان أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري‬‎‎, IPA: [ældʒæzæriː]) was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist and mathematician. He is best known for writing The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Arabic: ‫الجامع بين العلم والعمل النافع في صناعة الحيل‬‎‎) in 1206, where he described 100 mechanical devices, some 80 of which are trick vessels of various kinds, along with instructions on how to construct them.

-Some of his devices were inspired by earlier devices, such as one of his monumental water clocks, which was based on that of a Pseudo-Archimedes.He also cites the influence of the Banū Mūsā brothers for his fountains, al-Saghani for the design of a candle clock, and Hibatullah ibn al-Husayn (d. 1139) for musical automata. Al-Jazari goes on to describe the improvements he made to the work of his predecessors, and describes a number of devices, techniques and components that are original innovations which do not appear in the works by his precessors.

-Al-Jazari invented a method for controlling the speed of rotation of a wheel using an escapement mechanism.
-According to Donald Hill, al-Jazari described several early mechanical controls, including "a large metal door, a combination lock and a lock with four bolts.
-Al-Jazari invented five machines for raising water,as well as watermills and water wheels with cams on their axle used to operate automata,in the 12th and 13th centuries, and described them in 1206. It was in these water-raising machines that he introduced his most important ideas and components.
e first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising saqiya chain pump which was run by hydropower rather than manual labour, though the Chinese were also using hydropower for chain pumps prior to him. Saqiya machines like the ones he described have been supplying water in Damascus since the 13th century up until modern times and were in everyday use throughout the medieval Islamic world.
-Al-Jazari invented a hand washing automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets. It features a female humanoid automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin
-Al-Jazari constructed a variety of water clocks and candle clocks. These included a portable water-powered scribe clock, which was a meter high and half a meter wide, reconstructed successfully at the Science Museum in 1976 Al-Jazari also invented monumental water-powered astronomical clocks which displayed moving models of the Sun, Moon, and stars

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Chen-Ning Franklin Yang

Known as Yang Zhenning
Born | 1 October 1922 (age 94)
Hefei, Anhui Province, China
-a Chinese-born-American.

Fields |
Statistical mechanics
Partical mechanic

Institutions |
Stony Brook University
Institute for Advance Study
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Tsinghua University
Alma meter National
University of Chicago
Southwestern Associated University
Doctoral advisor | Edward Teller

Other academic advisors
Enrico Fermi
Doctoral students
Bill Sutherland
Alexander Wu Chao
C. K. Lai
Ed Yen
Ben Fan
Known for |
Landau Yang-theorem
Parity violation
Yang-Mills theory
Yang-Baxter equation
Byers-Yang theorem
Notable awards |
Nobel Prize in Physics (1957)-He and Tsung-dao Lee works on parity nonconservation of weak interaction
Rumford Prize (1980)
National Medal of Science(1986)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (1993)
Albert Einstein Medal (1995)
Bogolyubov Prize (1996)
Lars Onsager Prize (1999)
Spouse | Chi-Li Tu (1950–2003)
Fan Weng (2004–present)

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(Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Hasan (or al-Husain) Ibn Al-Haitham)
-Born c. 965 in Basra (Iraq)
-He flourished in Egypt under Al-Hakim (996 to 1020)
-Died in Cairo in 1039 or soon after.

-He was arguably the greatest Muslim physicist and one of the greatest students of optics of all time. He was also an astronomer, a mathematician, a physician, and he wrote commentaries on Aristotle and Galen. He wrote about 70 manuscripts and he propounded what we now call Snell's law about 600 years before Snell himself.

-The Latin translation of his main work, the Optics (Kitab al-manazir), exerted a great influence upon Western science (Roger Bacon; Kepler).
-It showed great progress in the experimental method in the following areas: research in catoptrics: spherical and parabolic mirrors, spherical aberration; in dioptrics: the ratio between the angle and incidence and refraction does not remain constant;
-the magnifying power of a lens; study of atmospheric refraction - twilight only c  eases or begins when the sun is 19º below the horizon; an attempt to measure the height of the atmosphere on that basis;
-better description of the eye, and better understanding of vision, although Ibn al-Haitham considered the lens as the sensitive part; the rays originate in the object seen, not in the eye;
-an attempt to explain binocular vision; a correct explanation of the apparent increase in the size the sun and the moon when near the horizon; the earliest use of the camera obscura.
-Catoptrics contains the following problem, known as Alhazen's problem: from two points of the plane of a circle to draw lines meeting at point of the circumference and making equal angles with the normal at that point. It leads to an equation of the fourth degree. Alhazen solved it with the aid of a hyperbola intersecting a circle.
-He also solved the so-called al-Mahani's (cubic) equation (q. v., second half of the ninth century) in a similar (Archimedean) manner.

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(Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Hasan (or al-Husain) Ibn Al-Haitham)
-Born c. 965 in Basra (Iraq)
-He flourished in Egypt under Al-Hakim (996 to 1020)
-Died in Cairo in 1039 or soon after.

-He was arguably the greatest Muslim physicist and one of the greatest students of optics of all time. He was also an astronomer, a mathematician, a physician, and he wrote commentaries on Aristotle and Galen. He wrote about 70 manuscripts and he propounded what we now call Snell's law about 600 years before Snell himself.

-The Latin translation of his main work, the Optics (Kitab al-manazir), exerted a great influence upon Western science (Roger Bacon; Kepler).
-It showed great progress in the experimental method in the following areas: research in catoptrics: spherical and parabolic mirrors, spherical aberration; in dioptrics: the ratio between the angle and incidence and refraction does not remain constant;
-the magnifying power of a lens; study of atmospheric refraction - twilight only c  eases or begins when the sun is 19º below the horizon; an attempt to measure the height of the atmosphere on that basis;
-better description of the eye, and better understanding of vision, although Ibn al-Haitham considered the lens as the sensitive part; the rays originate in the object seen, not in the eye;
-an attempt to explain binocular vision; a correct explanation of the apparent increase in the size the sun and the moon when near the horizon; the earliest use of the camera obscura.
-Catoptrics contains the following problem, known as Alhazen's problem: from two points of the plane of a circle to draw lines meeting at point of the circumference and making equal angles with the normal at that point. It leads to an equation of the fourth degree. Alhazen solved it with the aid of a hyperbola intersecting a circle.
-He also solved the so-called al-Mahani's (cubic) equation (q. v., second half of the ninth century) in a similar (Archimedean) manner.

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ABDUS SALAM
-Born29 January 1926
Jhang, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
-Died21 November 1996 (aged 70)
Oxford, United Kingdom
-NationalityPakistani
-FieldsTheoretical physics
-Institutions PAEC · SUPARCO · PINSTECH · Punjab University · Imperial College London · Government College University · University of Cambridge ·ICTP · COMSATS · TWAS · Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam InstituteAlma materGovernment College University
Punjab University
St John's College, Cambridge
-ThesisRenormalisation of Quantum Field Theory (1951)
-Doctoral advisorNicholas KemmerOther academic advisorsPaul Matthews
-Doctoral studentsMichael Duff · Ali Chamseddine · Robert Delbourgo · Walter Gilbert · John Moffat · Yuval Ne'eman · John Polkinghorne · Riazuddin · Fayyazuddin ·Masud Ahmad · Partha Ghose · Kamaluddin Ahmed · John Taylor ·Ghulam Murtaza · Munir Ahmad RashidOther notable studentsFaheem Hussain · Pervez Hoodbhoy · Abdul Hameed Nayyar · Ghulam Dastagir AlamKnown forElectroweak theory · Goldstone boson · Grand Unified Theory · Higgs mechanism · Magnetic photon · Neutral current · Pati–Salam model ·Quantum mechanics · Pakistan atomic research program · Pakistan space program · Preon · Standard Model · Strong gravity · Superfield · W and Z bosons
-Notable awardsSmith's Prize (1950)
Adams Prize (1958)
FRS (1959)[1]
Sitara-e-Pakistan (1959)
Hughes Medal (1964)
Atoms for Peace Prize (1968)
Royal Medal (1978)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1979)
Jozef Stefan Medal (1980)
Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Physics (1981)
Lomonosov Gold Medal(1983)
Copley Medal (1990)
Cristoforo Colombo Prize (1992)
-Spouse
Amtul Hafeez Begum (m. 1949–96)
Dame Louise Johnson (m. 1968–96)
-ChildrenAnisa Bushra Salam Bajwa
Aziza Rahman

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Werner Karl Heisenberg
(5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics In September 1906, Werner enrolled in a primary school in Wurzburg He also had attended himself one year in Elisabethenschule school before entering Maximillians Gymnasium in Munich. Heisenberg went to the Maximilian school at Munich until 1920 and after this he went to University of Munich to study physics under Sommerfield, Wien, Pringsheim, and Rosenthal. During the winter of 1922-1923 he went to Göttingen to study physics under Max Born, Frack, and Hilbert. In 1923 he took his Ph.D. at the University of Munich and then became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen.
Heisenberg formulated the quantum theory of ferromagnetism, the neutron-proton model of the nucleus, the S-matrix theory in particle scattering, and various other significant breakthroughs in quantum field theory and high-energy particle physics are associated with him. For his theory and the applications in the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen, Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. Heisenberg also wrote more than 600 original research papers, philosophical essays and explanations for general audiences.

Heisenberg also discovered the Uncertainty Principle in 1927, which states that determining the position and momentum of particles necessarily contains errors the product of which cannot be less than the quantum constant.

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Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen ("A.P.J" Abdul Kalam)

Born: 15th October 1931 (Dhanuskodi, India)
Died: 27th July 2015 (heart attack)
Fields: Physics ad Aerospace Engineering

- Joined India's defense department after graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology.

- He was the central figure in the development of the country's nuclear capabilities and was hailed as a national hero after a series of successful test in 1998.

- Also know as the "Missile man" of India for his work on the development of  ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.

Awards: 1)Doctors of Science (2014),2) Doctors of Engineering (2010), 3) Hoover Medal "outstanding extra-career services by engineers to humanity"(2009).

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NAME: ARISTOTLE
FIELD : PHYSICIST,PHILOSOPHER

Cosmology: Aristotle proved the Earth was a sphere. He observed that the shadow of the Earth on the moon during an eclipse was an arc. That was not conclusive as a disk might give the same shadow. The phases of the Moon and its appearance during eclipses show it to be a sphere and the Earth might be also. As one walks toward the horizon, the horizon falls away; and, as one walks North or South, different stars appear. These are as if one is looking out from a sphere. All things made of Earth fall to Earth in such a way as to be as near the Earth as possible. A sphere is the shape that allows this as it is the shape with the smallest surface for a given volume. All things considered, the Earth must be a sphere. Interestingly, an extension of that last argument is used today to explain the erosion of mountains, surface tension, the shape of droplets, and why the moons, planets, and stars are spheres.

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Name: Jagdish Chandra Bose
Nationality: British Indian
Fields: Physics, Biophysics, Biology, Botany, Archaelogy, Bengali literature, Bengali science fiction

He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundation of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. Named him one of the fathers of radio science.

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Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)

Born: July 1, 965 AD, Basra, Iraq

Died: March 6, 1040, Cairo,Egypt

Influenced by: Al-Kindi, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Thabitibn Qurra, Ibn Sahl, Banu Musa, Galen, Abu Sahl al-Quhi

Influenced: Omar Khayyam, Taqi  ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, Averroes , Al-Khazini, JohnPeckham , Vitello

Fields : Optics, Astronomy, Mathematicals

Ibn al-Haytham is widely considered to be one of the first theoretical physicists, and an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence- hence understanding the scientific method 200 years before Renaissance scientists.
He was a pioneering scientific thinker who made important contributions to the understanding of vision, optics and light. His methodology of investigation, in particular using experiment to verify theory, shows certain similarities to what later became known as the modern scientific method.
Today, many consider him a pivotal figure in the history of optics and the “Father of modern Optics”

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NAME: Archimedes

FIELD: Mathematician,physicist, astronomer.

FAMOUS CONTRIBUTION: ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
Definition: The upward buoyant force exerted on a body when immersed into a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced and the force acts in upward direction from center of mass.

STORY TIME~~

HOW ARCHIMEDES FIND OUT ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE

In ancient Greek, the ruler of Syracuse, Hiero decided to make a golden crown for his success after a war. So, the ruler ordered a goldsmith to make a golden crown. The goldsmith did as what he had ordered. The next day, the goldsmith delivered the crown to the ruler. The ruler was happy and paid him. The next few days, the king heard rumors about the crown is not made of pure gold but it is mixed with silver. The king was furious because he might be tricked by the goldsmith.
But, the ruler know there is a man named Archimedes can solve this problem. Archimedes try to figure out the solution. One day, he was walking to the public baths for his daily bath. When he went into the water, the water in the tub began to spill out over the sides. Curious, Archimedes continued to lower himself slowly into the water, and he noticed that the more his body sank into the water, the more water ran out over the sides of the tub. He realized that he had found the solution. Without remembering to put his clothes on, shouting "Eureka!Eureka!" he went towards the ruler.
Archimedes realized that an object, when immersed in water, displaced a volume of water equal to its own volume, and that by measuring the volume of the displaced water, the volume of the object could be determined, regardless of the object’s shape. With this, Archimedes work out to test the crown with same amount of pure gold and pure silver. If the goldsmith replace the gold with silver, the volume of the crown should be bigger and more water will be displaced. After the experiment, Archimedes found out that the crown displaced more water than pure gold which indicates that the goldsmith indeed had cheated the king.

Application of Archimedes's Principle
- Submarine
- Cruise and ships
- Hot air balloon etc.

Positive Attitude from Archimedes that we can learn

- Keep thinking
- Be optimistic

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ABDUL KALAM

-11th president of India

-born 15 oct 1931

-Died 27 July 2015

-Profession: -professor, author, aerospace scientist

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h-born Americandeveloped the first practical scanning electron microscope

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h-born Americandeveloped the first practical scanning electron microscope

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al farabi

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Archimedes
Mathematician,physicist, astronomer.
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
Definition: the upward bouyant force exerted on a body when immersed into fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displace and the force acts in upward direction from centre of mass.
HOW ARCHIMEDES FIND OUT ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
In ancient Greek, the ruler of Syracuse, Hiero decided to make a golden crown for his success. The ruler ordered a goldsmith to make a golden crown. The goldsmith did as what he had ordered. The next day, the goldsmith delivered the crown to the ruler. The ruler was happy and paid him. The next few days, the king heard rumours about the crown is not made of pure gold but it is mixed with silver. The king was furious because he might be tricked by the goldsmith. The ruler know there is a man named Archimedes can solve this problem. Archimedes try to figure out the solution. One day, he was walking to the public baths for his daily bath. When he went into the water, the water in the tub began to spill out over the sides. Curious, Archimedes continued to lower himself slowly into the water, and he noticed that the more his body sank into the water, the more water ran out over the sides of the tub. He realised that he had found the solution. Without remembering to put his clothes on, and shouting "Eureka!Eureka!"

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A

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SIR CHARLES KUEN KAO , is a Chinese-born Hong Kong, American and British electrical engineer and physicist who pioneered in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications.

Born: November 4, 1933 (age 82) in Shanghai, China

Field: Physics

Spouse: May-Wan Kao

Parents: Kao Chun-Hsiang

Education:
-University of Greenwich (1957)
-University College London (1965)

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Grand Bauhinia Medal

Kao has been suffering from Alzheimer's disease since early 2004 and has speech difficulty but has no problem recognizing people or addresses. He's father also suffered from the same disease

Known as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmissible ion of light in fibers for optical communication". Kao holds multiple citizenship of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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"To myself I am only a child playing on the beach, while vast oceans of truth lie undiscovered before me."

Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726) was an English physicist and mathematician, is celebrated as a key figure in scientific revolution. From age of 12 until 17, he was educated in The King's School, Grantham which taught Latin and Greek but no mathematics. He was removed from school, and by Oct 1659, his mother widowed 2nd time, attempt to make him a farmer. Newton hate farming. Henry Stokes master at the King School, persuade his mother send him back to school. Motivated partly to revenge against a schoolyard bully, he become a top-ranked student.
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. At that time, college's teachings more based on those of Aristotle whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomer such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work.
Mathematics achievement
Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula) and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series. Newton had the essence of the methods of fluxions by 1666. The first to become known, privately, to other mathematicians, in 1668, was his method of integration by infinite series. In Paris in 1675 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently evolved the first ideas of his differential calculus, outlined to Newton in 1677. Newton had already described some of his mathematical discoveries to Leibniz, not including his method of fluxions.
Optics
In 1664, while still a student, Newton read recent work on optics and light by the English physicists Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; he also studied both the mathematics and the physics of the French philosopher and scientist René Descartes. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism; developing over a few years a series of increasingly elaborate, refined, and exact experiments, Newton discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of colour. He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium. He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colours of thin films using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent "corpuscles" forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colours of those surfaces.
Mechanics and Gravitation
According to the well-known story, it was on seeing an apple fall in his orchard at some time during 1665 or 1666 that Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. Correspondence with Hooke redirected Newton to the problem of the path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley in August 1684. Halley's interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh, to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the Principia.