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We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present smple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'):

If + present simple, .... present simple.

This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause.

The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

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Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

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Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

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We use both of these tenses for finished and unfinished actions.

The present perfect simple can be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. It's often used with stative verbs: e.g; I've known John for three years.

The present perfect continuous can also be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. (we don't use the present perfect continuous with state verbs):
e.g: She's been living here for three years.

Sometimes there's really no difference in meaning between the two tenses. This is especially the case with verbs such as 'live', 'work' and 'study':
- They've lived in London since 2004
- They've been living in London since 2004.
- I've studied French for ten years.
- I've been studying French for ten years.
- He's worked at the company since 2009.
- He's been working at our company since 2009.

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Joint courses with College Development Network

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A state of anxiety or nervous excitement.
-->  e.g.: She was wringing her hands in agitation
--> Synonym: anxiety

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The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park.

If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.

She'll be late if the train is delayed.

She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)

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Giving generously.

--> synonym: generous
--> e.g: "this bountiful God has thought of everything"

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1) Horrifyingly wicked.

--> e.g: "atrocious cruelties"
2) of a very poor quality; extremely bad or unpleasant.
--> e.g: "he attempted an atrocious imitation of my English accent"

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In English grammar, both “Will” and “Be Going to” are used to express future tense but they do not have the same meaning.

When talking about an event that is going to happen in the future, there is more than one possibility. Most often, we will use the phrases ‘will’ or ‘going to’ in order to refer to an upcoming event.

Will and Going to Similarity in Usage

Both Will and Going to can be used for making future predictions without having a real difference in meaning.

Example:

I think it will be foggy tomorrow. = I think it is going to be foggy tomorrow.

Will and Going to Differences in Usage

Will is used to express future actions decided at the moment of speaking while Going to describes future plans decided before the moment of speaking.

Examples:

- I‘ll have salad now. (will)

- I’m going to visit my aunt next Friday. (going to)

Will is used to indicate a prediction based on personal opinions or experiences while going to is used to express a prediction based on present evidence.

Examples:

- I think United will win the game. (will)

- Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (going to)

Will expresses a future fact; going to is used to describe something is about to happen.

Examples:

- The sun will rise tomorrow. (will)

- Get back! The bomb is going to explode. (going to)

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Very enthusiastic, showing strong feelings.
--> e.g. :'an ardent supporter of the cause of education.'
--> synonym: passionate

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A sense of solidarity arising out of familiarity and sociability
--> e.g: I like the enforced camaraderie of office life.

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Influence someone in a deceptive way
--> e.g: He beguiled the voters with his good looks.

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Belittle someone
--> e.g: : There are many doom and gloom merchants who denigrate their own country.

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The state of becoming worse or more serious; exacerbation.
--> e.g. : The patient experienced an aggravation of symptoms.

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The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)

If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.

She would travel all over the world if she were rich.

She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).

If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

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Very pleasing; delightful.

--> e.g: "he had the most divine smile".

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Causing a mood of gloom or depression.

--> e.g: "The dismal weather made the late afternoon seem like evening"

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Noisy, energetic, and rough.
--> e.g.  boisterous children

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Ill will, hatred, hostility

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1) The feeling that you have no connection with the people around you or that you are not part of a group.
--> e.g. : 'Depressed people frequently feel a sense of alienation from those around them.'
2) The act of making someone stop supporting  and agreeing with you.
--> This short-sighted alienation of their own supporters may lose them the election.

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We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)

If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).

If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane

She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier

She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university

He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

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Having or showing eagerness or enthusiasm.

--> e.g: "a keen gardener"

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Nervously awkward and ungainly.

--> e.g: "a gawky teenager"

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Saying what you think without trying to be polite or considering other people's feelings.
--> e.g: I'll be blunt - that last piece of work you did was terrible.

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Extremely unpleasant; repulsive.

--> e.g: "a pretty odious character"

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Someone who criticizes or attacks cherished ideas and beliefs.

--> e.g: His son Gegnesius in 722 was taken to Constantinople, where he won over to his opinions the iconoclast emperor, Leo the Isaurian.

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an unwelcome or unpleasant change in circumstances or fortune.
--> e.g: Her husband’s sharp vicissitudes of fortune.

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Enjoyable atmosphere or jovial company
--> e.g: : It is a convivial cocktail party.

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Having a lot of problems or difficulties.
--> e.g. : The arrival of the fresh medical supplies was a welcome sight for the beleaguered doctors working in the refugee camps.

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Deserving great praise.
--> e.g: an award for meritorious service

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A person who knows a lot about and is very interested in a particular subject.
--> e.g.: a computer buff

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Quiet, modest, reserved

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Expressing yourself readily, clearly, effectively.

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Changing mood or behaviour suddenly and unexpectedly.
--> e.g. : a capricious child.
--> synonym: impulsive

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A stirring speech or song is one that produces strong, positive emotions.

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Not complicated, or not showing a good understanding of culture and fashion; not sophisticated.
--> e.g.: He’s an unsophisticated man, but he has been very succesfull in business.

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Doctors were flummoxed by the boy's symptoms.
--> e.g.: Doctors were flummoxed by the boy's symptoms.

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(of a person or animal) Strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail.
--> e.g.: He looks robust and healthy enough.

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Able to change easily from one activity to another or able to be used for many different purposes.
--> e.g.: He's a very versatile young actor who's as happy in highbrow dramas as he is in TV comedies.

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Expressing little or no emotion.

--> e.g: He portrays the phlegmatic British character on the show.

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Humorous in an unkind way that shows you do not respect someone or something.
--> A sardonic smile/look/comment

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Of excellent quality; very great.
--> e.g; He is a superb dancer.

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Great enthusiasm or eagerness.
--> e.g. : a zeal for money-making.

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Present Perfect Simple

Unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present: --> I've known Julie for ten years (and I still know her).

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is still alive: life experience): --> My brother has been to Mexico three times.

A finished action with a result in the present: --> I've lost my keys! (The result is that I can't get into my house now).

With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today): --> I've seen John this week.

Past Simple

Finished actions: --> I knew Julie for ten years (but then she moved away and we lost touch).

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is dead): --> My great-grandmother went to Mexico three times.

A finished action with no result in the present: --> I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible! (Now there is no result. I got new keys yesterday).

With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):     --> I saw John last week.

IMPORTANT!

1. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to the present.

2. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the present.

3. We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word: --> NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday.

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Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples
Active : I make a cake.
Passive:  A cake is made (by me).

Active :  I am cooking dinner.
Passive: Dinner is being cooked by me.

Active : I made brownies
Passive: Brwonies were made (by me).

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Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don't need this information to understand the sentence.

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars..

(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

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Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.

The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.

The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

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We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.

My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

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It is the Australian abbreviation for afternoon.

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It refers to a container that is used to keep drinks or something cold. Frequently used when you go to a BBQ or a party. (Also known as a cooler in USA)

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Well done

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Refers to a cup of tea.

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Acidic precipitation (rainfall) that causes harm to the environment. It is formed in the atmosphere when industrial waste gases combine with water.

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Generally referring to packaging, it means something than can be decomposed by bacteria or other organisms.

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The reproduction of animals in confinement, not in their natural habitats.

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The process of a liquid heating up and turning into a gas or vapor.

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The illegal hunting of animals.

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A fissure in the Earth's crust where the tectonic plates move against each other causing an earthquake.

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V + INFINITIVE

Most normal verbs use this construction.

I want to go
They decided to stay at home
They need to buy a bigger car

V + BARE INFINITIVE

Special verbs (except Be, Have and Ought to): do, can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might, must

Josh can speak French
I must go
She will come soon

V + -ING

Verbs of likes and dislikes: like, dislike, hate, detest, love, prefer, enjoy...

Ken likes reading comics
I enjoy listening to music
She hates walking in the rain
I love singing in the shower

In modern English these verbs can also be used with infinitive with no real change of meaning
I like to dance tango
She loves to swim

But if these verbs are used with WOULD, you must always use the infinitive
I'd like to tell you a secret (not I'd like telling you...)
She would prefer to live in a bigger house

Other verbs:  finish, mind, keep, practice, go on, consider, suggest ...

Would you mind opening the window?
When you finish studying, come with me
She suggested going to Cancun for the summer

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Susceptibility to bribes/corruption

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Prone to unexpected and unpredictable changes in mood

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To reproach; to scold

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Using very few words

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Willingness to socialize

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Deliberate betrayal; a breach of a trust

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Relating to the pleasant aspects of the country

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Traveling from place to place to work