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The Emerging Role of the Molecular Diagnostics

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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and ranks second among causes for cancer related death in women. The ability to identify and diagnose breast cancer has improved markedly. Treatment decisions which were based in the past predominantly on the anatomic extent of the disease are shifting to the underlying biological mechanisms. Gene array technology has led to the recognition that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of different biological subtypes, and genetic profiling enables response to chemotherapy to be predicted. Breast conservation became an established standard of care and the oncoplastic approach enables wide excisions without compromising the natural shape of the breast. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has replaced axillary dissection as the standard procedure to stage the axilla and spared many patients the excess morbidity of axillary dissection. Targeted therapy to the oestrogen receptor plays a major role in systemic therapy; pathways responsible for endocrine resistance have been targeted as well. Biological therapy has been developed to target HER2 receptor and combination of antibody drug conjugates linked cytotoxic therapy to HER2 antibodies. Meaningful improvements in survival resulted from the new effective systemic agents and patients with metastasis are likely to have a longer survival.

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A review of clinical aspects of breast cancer - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and ranks second among causes for cancer related death in women. The ability to identify and diagnose breast cancer has improved markedly. Treatment decisions which were based in the past predominantly on the anatomic extent of the disea ...

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Affiliations

¹ Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.

² Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. Electronic address: guanjl@ucmail.uc.edu.

Free PMC article

Free PMC article

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.

² Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. Electronic address: guanjl@ucmail.uc.edu.

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stratification of tumors is paramount to achieve better clinical outcomes. While it is common to stratify and treat breast tumors as a single entity, insights from studies on intratumoral heterogeneity and cancer stem cells raise the possibility that multiple breast cancer subtypes may coexist within a tumor. A role for plasticity in driving dynamic conversions between breast cancer subtypes is proposed, and the clinical implications include a need for combinatorial therapeutic strategies that account for the discrete disease entities and their plasticity. Accordingly, the advent of single-cell technologies will be crucial in enabling the diagnosis and stratification of distinct disease subtypes down to the cellular level.

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triple negative breast neoplasms / classification

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triple negative breast neoplasms / genetics*

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
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Affiliations

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² Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.

doi: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.v22.i5-6.60.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 610041.

² Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.

Abstract

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
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Affiliations

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² Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.02.004.

Affiliations

¹ Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: kpeairs@jhmi.edu.

² Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Abstract

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
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